Rootstocks for Grapevines Now and into the Future: Selection of Rootstocks Based on Drought Tolerance, Soil Nutrient Availability, and Soil pH

Table 1

Characteristics of the principal Vitis species used for rootstock breeding.

Species	Origin	Features	References
V. acerifolia	North America	(i) Medium to high vigour	[16, 17]
		(ii) Moderately tolerant to drought
V. berlandieri	North America	(i) High vigour with strong roots	[16, 18, 19]
		(ii) Commonly used to breed rootstocks tolerant to drought
		(iii) Suitable for alkaline soil
V. candicans (V. mustangensis)	North America	(i) A candidate for breeding high vigour rootstocks	[17, 20, 21]
		(ii) Moderately tolerant to drought
		(iii) Resistant to root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita
V. champinii	North America	(i) A natural hybridization of V. candicans and V. rupestris	[17, 22, 23]
		(ii) High vigour
		(iii) Very tolerant to drought
		(iv) Suitable for hot climate
		(v) Enhances potassium uptake
		(vi) Resistant to drought and saline
		(vii) Resistant to phylloxera and nematodes
V. labrusca	North America	(i) High vigour	[24–27]
		(ii) Suitable for both hot and cool climate with adequate precipitation
		(iii) Enhances the accumulation of phenolic compounds in berries and contributes to antioxidant activity
		(iv) Being used to develop rootstock that can improve volatile composition (especially esters) of berry (e.g., Beta, a V. labrusca × V. vinifera rootstock)
V. riparia	North America	(i) Low to medium vigour with less root penetration compared to V. rupestris	[16, 17, 28–31]
		(ii) Susceptible to drought
		(iii) Suitable for cool climate
		(iv) Commonly used to breed rootstocks tolerant to phylloxera (e.g., Hungarian phylloxera strain H3G)
V. rupestris	North America	(i) Originally inhabited in sand and gravel	[16, 17, 28]
		(ii) High vigour with well-developed root system
		(iii) Moderate to high tolerance to drought
		(iv) Not suitable for growing in alkaline soil
V. acerifolia	North America	(i) Medium to high vigour	[16, 30]
		(ii) Moderately tolerant to drought
V. vinifera	Eurasia	(i) Moderate vigour	[28, 32, 33]
		(ii) Resistant to alkaline soil