Prevalence and Risk Factors for Newborn Anemia in Southwestern Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 1
Sociodemographic characteristics and clinical data of study participants, compared by umbilical cord hemoglobin level.
Participant characteristics
Umbilical cord blood Hb ≥ 13 g/dl
Umbilical cord blood Hb < 13 g/dl
value
Maternal characteristics
Parity, median (IQR)
2 (1–4)
3 (2–5)
0.01
Married, n (%)
30 (90.1)
287 (90.0)
0.86
Age, mean (SD)
26 (5.6)
28 (6.3)
0.01
HIV-infected, n (%)
155 (48.6)
21 (63.6)
0.10
Resides in mbarara, n (%)
204 (64.2)
23 (70.0)
0.81
Formally employed, n (%)
118 (37.0)
9 (27.3)
0.27
Primary education or less, n (%)
185 (58.8)
22 (58.0)
0.34
Obstetric and self-reported characteristics
Delivered by cesarean, n (%)
101 (32.4)
13 (39.4)
0.37
Attended ≥4 ANC visits, n (%)
200 (62.7)
23 (69.7)
0.43
Maternal self-report of no anemia diagnosed during pregnancy, n (%)
315 (98.8)
33 (100.0)
0.52
Maternal self-report of deworming during pregnancy, n (%)
273 (85.6)
28 (84.8)
0.91
Maternal self-report of iron/folate intake during pregnancy, n (%)
219 (68.7)
23 (69.7)
0.90
Maternal self-reported malaria diagnosis in pregnancy, n (%)
38 (11.9)
4 (12.1)
0.97
Neonatal characteristics
Birthweight, mean (SD)
3.2 (0.4)
3.1 (0.5)
0.95
Note. Hb–hemoglobin; HIV–human immunodeficiency virus; ANC–antenatal care; SD–standard deviation. The bold values were to emphasize the variables where there was a significant P‐value difference of less than 0.05 between the two groups of participants i.e those with umbilical cord blood Hb ≥ 13 g/dl and umbilical cord blood Hb < 13 g/dl.
