Changes in the Step Counts of University Students Living in Hokkaido during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Table 2
Change in step counts over time.
a: Oct–Nov 2019
b: Apr–May 2020
c: Oct–Nov 2020
d: Apr–May 2021
e: Oct–Nov 2021
Multiple comparisons
(baseline)
(emergency 1)
(contained infection 1)
(emergency 2)
(contained infection 2)
Overall
5,687.2 ± 2,437.2 5,493 (3,904–7,120)
2,955.5 ± 2,015.7 2,499 (1,559–3,561)
5,364.1 ± 2,356.8 5,199 (3,727–6,644)
4,545.1 ± 1,940.7 4,176 (3,150–5,732)
5,842.1 ± 2,248.4 5,547 (4,145–7,000)
a > b, a > d, b < c, b < d, b < e, c > d, d < e:
Sex
Male
5,425.5 ± 2,763.9 5,087 (3,628–6,291)
3,244.3 ± 2,436.2 2,703 (1,464–4,174)
5,503.4 ± 2,242.1 5,229 (3,848–6,614)
4,362.1 ± 2,059.3 4,037 (2,596–5,767)
5,723.4 ± 2,327.6 5,233 (4,489–6,522)
a > b, b < c, b < e, d < e: , c > d:
Female
5,748.8 ± 2,284.8 5,545 (3,959–7,129)
2,761.8 ± 1,663.5 2,407 (1,555–3,515)
5,264.0 ± 2,381.5 5,166 (3,628–6,578)
4,547.2 ± 1,833.0 4,178 (3,229–5,688)
5,755.6 ± 2,134.5 5,574 (3948–7013)
a > b, a > d, b < c, b < d, b < e, d < e:
Residential status
Living alone
4,625.8 ± 1,958.9 4,683 (3,192–6,032)
2,513.3 ± 1,333.0 2,499 (1,496–3,356)
4,358.8 ± 2,481.3 4,138 (2,673–5,565)
3,766.6 ± 1,504.3 3,656 (2,744–4,683)
5,378.2 ± 1,548.6 5,389 (4,526–6,467)
a > b, b < c, b < e, c < e, d < e: , a > d:
With others (including dormitory)
6,091.0 ± 2,488.5 5,932 (4,107–7,409)††
3,123.7 ± 2,204.1 2,516 (1,589–3,746)
5,746.5 ± 2,203.2 5,563 (4,091–7,300)††
4,841.2 ± 2,011.8 4,307 (3,589–6,000)††
6,018.6 ± 2,447.4 5,810 (3,977–7,298)
a > b, a > d, b < c, b < d, b < e, d < e: , c > d:
Part-time job
Employed
5,696.1 ± 2,544.2 5,471 (3,902–7,005)
2,946.1 ± 2,003.1 2,381 (1,650–3,553)
5,490.2 ± 2,449.9 5,255 (3,738–7,157)
4,541.4 ± 1,896.6 4,182 (3,154–5,715)
5,982.5 ± 2,268.6 5,794 (4,486–7,149)
a > b, a > d, b < c, b < d, b < e, c > d, d < e:
None
5,663.9 ± 2,165.2 5,500 (3,904–7,120)
2,980.0 ± 2,077.6 2,535 (1,431–3,561)
5,032.5 ± 2,089.1 5,050 (3,486–5,895)
4,554.8 ± 2,080.8 4,067 (3,117–5,873)
5,473.2 ± 2,183.3 5,389 (3,750–6,452)†
a > b, b < c, b < d, b < e:
Club activities
Participated
5,762.4 ± 1,957.7 5,621 (4,243–6,682)
2,850.6 ± 2,497.6 2,312 (1,511–3,361)
6,163.9 ± 2,935.5 6,125 (3,834–7,095)
4,395.2 ± 1,633.0 3,847 (3,305–5,292)
6,643.7 ± 2,169.9 6,467 (5,078–7,643)
a > b, b < c, b < e, d < e:
None
5,672.4 ± 2,529.2 5,471 (3,826–7,127)
2,976.2 ± 1,919.6 2,569 (1,592–3,588)
5,205.6 ± 2,207.0 5,166 (3,604–6,543)
4,574.8 ± 2,001.5 4,200 (3,139–5,804)
5,683.3 ± 2,239.6 5,502 (3,920–6,838)
a > b, a > d, b < c, b < d, b < e, d < e: , c > d:
Data are presented as means ± standard deviations and medians (interquartile ranges). Multiple comparison test by Bonferroni correction : = 0.05/10, : = 0.01/10. Difference between groups †: ,††: