Impact of Peripheral Nerve Block Technique on Incidence of Phrenic Nerve Palsy in Shoulder Surgery

Table 2

Summary of data from studies of the superior trunk block (n = 6).

Study	Needle position	n	Local anaesthetic			Median worst postoperative pain score	Total HDP incidence (%)
			Type	Volume (mL)	Concentration (%)
Kang et al. [47]	Lateral	38	Ropivacaine (+5 μg/ml epinephrine)	15	0.50	3	76.3
Kim et al. [49]	Posteroinferior (10 mL) and anterior (5 mL)	62	Bupivacaine	15	0.50	0	4.8
Kim et al. [48]	Lateral	35	Ropivacaine	5	0.50	5	14.3
	Lateral	35	Ropivacaine	15	0.50	3	65.7
Lee et al. [50]	Posterior (10 mL) and anterior (10 mL)	24	Lidocaine and ropivacaine	10, 10	2.00, 0.75	—	70.8
Robles et al. [81]	Posterior	30	Bupivacaine	12 ( ± up to 3 mL as required)	0.50	—	60.0
Zhang et al. [19]	Subparaneural	48	Ropivacaine	5	0.50	2	16.7