Severity of Child Autistic Symptoms and Parenting Stress in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Japan and USA: Cross-Cultural Differences
Table 2
Comparison of child ASD characteristics measured by social communication questionnaire (SCQ) and social responsiveness scale-2 (SRS-2) between the U.S. and Japan.
Variable
United States (n = 52)
Japan (n = 51)
t-value (df)
value
Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ)a
Total Score
21.2 ± 5.8
17.2 ± 7.8
2.94 (100)
0.004
Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2)b
Total raw score
108.1 ± 23.4
88.5 ± 24.9
4.09 (100)
<0.001
Total t-score
78.4 ± 9.3
80.7 ± 13.8
−0.99 (100)
0.326
Social Awareness
14.1 ± 3.8
10.9 ± 3.7
4.28 (100)
<0.001
Social Awareness t-score
74.1 ± 11.7
66.2 ± 12.8
3.25 (100)
0.002
Social Communication
36.6 ± 9.0
29.8 ± 9.5
3.71 (100)
<0.001
Social Communication t-score
77.0 ± 10.1
79.1 ± 14.0
−0.87 (100)
0.390
Social Cognition
20.5 ± 5.1
17.5 ± 4.9
3.08 (100)
0.003
Social Cognition t-score
75.1 ± 9.6
75.4 ± 11.8
−0.15 (100)
0.879
Social Motivation
15.98 ± 5.42
13.08 ± 5.31
2.73 (100)
0.008
Social Motivation t-score
69.8 ± 10.7
67.1 ± 14.8
1.07 (100)
0.290
Restricted Interest and Repetitive Behavior
20.90 ± 6.27
17.26 ± 6.94
2.78 (100)
0.006
Restricted Interest and Repetitive Behavior t-score
79.0 ± 13.6
85.1 ± 17.7
−1.95 (100)
0.054
DSM-5 Compatible Subscales
Social Communication and Interaction
87.2 ± 18.9
71.2 ± 19.0
4.24 (100)
<0.001
Social Communication and Interaction t-score
77.1 ± 9.2
77.6 ± 12.7
−0.22 (100)
0.826
Note. Data are reported as mean and standard deviation, otherwise as indicated. df: degree of freedom. aJapanese version of SCQ has one question less than the original SCQ. Since each question will be scored as 0 or 1, corrected SCQ score was calculated for Japanese participants using the following formula: adjusted Japan SCQ score = (raw Japanese SCQ score/39) × 40. b Data missing for one Japanese participant.
