Severity of Child Autistic Symptoms and Parenting Stress in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Japan and USA: Cross-Cultural Differences
Table 3
Curvilinear association of maternal parenting stress level (parenting stress index) with child ASD characteristics (social communication questionnaire and social responsiveness scale-2 scores centered at sample mean) by country of residence.
Maternal stress
Total score
Child domain score
Parent domain
(SE)
t value(df = 1)
Overall Interactiona
(SE)
t value (df = 1)
Overall Interaction a
(SE)
t value (df = 1)
Overall Interactiona
chi-2 (df = 2)
chi-2 (df = 2)
chi-2 (df = 2)
SCQ score b centered at sample mean (SCQ Score-C) = SCQ score–19.2
Intercept
80.85 (4.47)
18.07
<0.01
92.07 (3.68)
25.02
<0.01
62.45 (5.69)
10.97
<0.01
SCQ Score-C
1.83 (0.62)
2.94
<0.01
1.13 (0.51)
2.20
0.03
2.00 (0.79)
2.52
0.01
(SCQ Score-C)2
-−0.07 (0.08)
−0.98
0.33
−0.07 (0.06)
−1.18
0.24
−0.07 (0.10)
−0.73
0.46
Country
−1.68 (6.50)
−0.26
0.80
−2.89 (5.35)
−0.54
0.59
1.68 (8.27)
0.20
0.84
Country × SCQ Score-C
−1.52 (0.77)
−1.98
0.050
4.94
0.08
−0.80 (0.63)
−1.27
0.21
1.95
0.38
−2.22 (0.98)
−2.27
0.02
6.00
0.049
Country × (SCQ Score-C)2
0.11 (0.09)
1.23
0.22
0.05 (0.07)
0.68
0.50
0.13 (0.12)
1.15
0.25
SRS-2 t-score centered at sample mean (SRS-2 t-Score-C) = SRS-2 t-score –79.5
Intercept
87.52 (3.60)
24.31
<0.01
97.80 (2.64)
37.10
<0.01
67.22 (4.95)
13.58
<0.01
SRS-2 t-Score-C
0.97 (0.39)
2.45
0.02
0.44 (0.29)
1.55
0.12
1.50 (0.54)
2.77
<0.01
(SRS-2 t-Score-C)2
−0.05 (0.02)
−2.17
0.03
−0.06 (0.02)
−3.81
<0.01
−0.01 (0.03)
−0.39
0.70
Country
−1.94 (5.57)
−0.35
0.72
−2.83 (4.08)
−0.69
0.49
2.23 (7.65)
0.29
0.77
Country × SRS-2 t-Score-C
−0.15 (0.47)
−0.32
0.75
0.70
0.70
0.47 (0.34)
1.37
0.17
2.18
0.33
−1.12 (0.65)
−1.74
0.08
3.42
0.13
Country × (SRS-2 t-Score-C)2
0.02 (0.03)
0.66
0.51
0.01 (0.02)
0.75
0.45
0.004 (0.04)
0.09
0.93
Note. Regression coefficients from the quadratic regression model, SE: standard error of quadratic regression coefficients, df = degree of freedom, SRS: social responsiveness scale, and SCQ: social communication questionnaire. aBased a likelihood ratio test that compared models with and without interactions terms. bJapanese version of SCQ has one question less than the original SCQ. Since each question has a binary response (i.e., scored as 0 or 1), the corrected SCQ score was calculated for Japanese participants using the following formula: adjusted Japan SCQ score = (raw Japanese SCQ score/39) × 40.
