Psychophysiological Adaptations to Exercise Training in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review

Table 2

Summary of finding using GRADE quality assessment.

Outcome	Certainty assessment							No. of patients		Certainty
	No. of studies	Study design	Risk of bias	Inconsistency	Indirectness	Imprecision	Other considerations	Intervention group	Control group
Physical function	20	3 APS; 5 RCT; 2 PCS; 3 RS; 5 OS; 2	Serious^c	Very serious^b	Not serious	Serious^a	None	945	228	⨁◯◯◯; Very low
Dyspnoea		1	Serious^c	Very serious^b	Not serious	Serious^a	None	320	93	⨁◯◯◯; Very low
Pulmonary function		2	Serious^c	Very serious^b	Not serious	Serious^a	None	551	178	⨁◯◯◯; Very low
Quality of life		1	Serious^c	Very serious^b	Not serious	Serious^a	None	501	258	⨁◯◯◯; Very low
Peripheral muscle performance of lower limp		1	Serious^c	Very serious^b	Not serious	Serious^a	None	247	98	⨁◯◯◯; Very low
Anxiety	5	1	Serious^c	Very serious^b	Not serious	Serious^a	None	200	159	⨁◯◯◯; Very low
Depression	4		Serious^c	Very serious^b	Not serious	Serious^a	None	130	89	⨁◯◯◯; Very low
Physical activity intensity level	2		Not serious	Not serious	Not serious	Serious^a	None	37	37	⨁⨁⨁◯; Moderate
Muscle strength	3		Serious^d	Very serious^b	Not serious	Serious^a	None	145	17	⨁◯◯◯; Very low
Oxygen saturation	4	2	Serious^c	Very serious^b	Not serious	Serious^a	None	139	—	⨁◯◯◯; Very low
Fatigue	2	1	Not serious	Very serious^b	Not serious	Serious^a	None	136	—	⨁◯◯◯; Very low
CRP	6		Serious^c	Very serious^b	Not serious	Serious^a	None	216	17	⨁◯◯◯; Very low
Interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha	1		Not serious	Not serious	Not serious	Serious^a	None	15	15	⨁⨁⨁◯; Moderate
Lymphocyte	5		Serious^c	Very serious^b	Not serious	Serious^a	None	175	92	⨁◯◯◯; Very low
Leukocytes	2		Serious^c	Very serious^b	Not serious	Serious^a	None	65	15	⨁◯◯◯; Very low
D-dimer	4		Serious^c	Very serious^b	Not serious	Serious^a	None	179	77	⨁◯◯◯; Very low

^aThe included studies recorded a small sample size for both the control and intervention groups. ^bThere is considerable heterogeneity in the studies. ^cParticipants and assessors were not blinded. ^dThe assessors were not blinded. Not stated. APS = a prospective interventional study; RCT = randomized control trial; PCS = pilot control clinical study; RS = retrospective study; OS = observational study; QM = a quasiexperimental repeated measure.