Nephroprotective Effects of Caffeine, Vanillin, and Their Combination against Experimental AlCl₃-Induced Renal Toxicity in Adult Male Wistar Rats

Figure 1

Effects of caffeine, vanillin, and their combination on (a) AST-specific activity, (b) ALT-specific activity, and (c) serum total proteins in AlCl₃-induced renal toxicity in adult male rats. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM of six determinations (n = 6). Note: indicates  < 0.05 compared to normal control; ^# < 0.05 compared to AlCl₃-induced nephrotoxicity.

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