Nephroprotective Effects of Caffeine, Vanillin, and Their Combination against Experimental AlCl₃-Induced Renal Toxicity in Adult Male Wistar Rats

Figure 3

Effects of caffeine, vanillin, and their combination on renal tissue (a) CAT activity, (b) GPx activity, (c) GSH level, (d) SOD activity, and (e) MDA levels in AlCl₃-induced toxicity in adult male rats. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM of six trials (n = 6). indicates a significant difference at  < 0.05 versus normal control; ^# < 0.05 versus untreated AlCl₃-induced nephrotoxicity; ^## > 0.05 versus untreated AlCl₃-induced nephrotoxicity and normal control.

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