Nephroprotective Effects of Caffeine, Vanillin, and Their Combination against Experimental AlCl₃-Induced Renal Toxicity in Adult Male Wistar Rats

Figure 4

Photomicrographs of hematoxylin-eosin-stained renal tissues (x800) of AlCl₃-induced toxicity in male Wistar rat. G, glomerulus; PCT, proximal convoluted tubules; DCT, distal convoluted tubules; green arrow, urinary space; (a) normal control; (b) untreated AlCl₃-induced nephrotoxicity; (c) AlCl₃-induced + 50 mg/kg vanillin; (d) AlCl₃-induced + 50 mg/kg caffeine; (e) AlCl₃-induced + vanillin/caffeine (50/50 mg/kg).

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