Epidemiology and Performances of Typhidot Immunoassay and Widal Slide Agglutination in the Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever in Febrile Patients in Bafoussam City, Cameroon: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study
Table 3
Prevalence of typhoid fever by sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, and signs and symptoms in the study population.
Characteristics
Number (N = 336)
Salmonella Typhi positive (n = 44)
Salmonella Paratyphi positive (n = 26)
value ()
Sociodemographic characteristics
Gender
Female
196 (58.33)
34 (77.27)
19 (73.07)
0.76 (0.09)
Male
140 (41.66)
10 (22.72)
7 (26.92)
Age groups (years)
[1–10]
195 (58.03)
27 (61.36)
14 (53.84)
[11–20]
59 (17.55)
7 (15.90)
6 (23.07)
[21–30]
33 (9.82)
5 (11.36)
3 (11.53)
0.62 (3.50)
[31–40]
28 (8.33)
2 (4.54)
3 (11.53)
[41–50]
13 (3.86)
2 (4.54)
0 (0)
[51–60]
8 (2.38)
1 (2.27)
0 (0)
Level of education
Primary
137 (40.77)
20 (45.45)
10 (38.46)
Secondary
153 (45.53)
19 (43.18)
11 (42.30)
Higher
22 (6.54)
3 (6.81)
3 (11.53)
0.96 (0.29)
No level
24 (7.14)
2 (4.54)
2 (7.69)
Marital status
Married
61 (18.15)
7 (15.90)
9 (34.61)
0.34 (3.55)
Single
224 (66.66)
31 (70.45)
15 (57.69)
Divorced
32 (9.52)
4 (9.09)
1 (3.84)
Widow
19 (5.65)
2 (4.54)
1 (3.84)
Occupation
Student
218 (64.88)
28 (63.63)
7 (26.92)
Private
94 (27.97)
15 (34.09)
15 (57.69)
Civil servant
12 (3.57)
0 (0)
2 (7.69)
0.01 (11.03)
Housewife
12 (3.57)
1 (2.27)
2 (7.69)
Residence
Urban area
216 (64.28)
28 (63.63)
18 (69.23)
0.63 (0.22)
Rural area
120 (35.71)
16 (36.36)
8 (30.76)
Life style
Do you know about typhoid fever?
Yes
328 (97.61)
44 (100)
22 (84.61)
No
8 (2.38)
0 (0)
4 (15.38)
0.007 (7.17)
If yes, state knowledge source
Hospital
69 (20.53)
11 (25.00)
8 (30.76)
School
117 (34.82)
16 (36.36)
8 (30.76)
Media
27 (8.03)
4 (9.09)
2 (7.69)
0.94 (0.39)
Street
123 (36.60)
13 (29.54)
8 (30.76)
Typhoid transmission route
Soiled food
174 (51.78)
22 (50.00)
16 (61.53)
0.34 (4.49)
Blood route
13 (3.86)
2 (4.54)
0 (0)
Contact with a sick person
41 (12.2)
5 (11.36)
5 (19.23)
Dirty water
96 (28.57)
13 (29.54)
4 (15.38)
From mother to child
12 (3.57)
2 (4.54)
1 (3.84)
Hygiene measure against typhoid
Do not washing hand after bowel movements
86 (25.59)
8 (18.18)
3 (11.53)
0.32 (4.62)
Hand washing before and after meal
46 (13.69)
7 (15.90)
3 (11.53)
Washing fruits and vegetables before consumption
82 (24.4)
7 (15.90)
10 (38.46)
Hand washing after returning from public places
70 (20.83)
10 (22.72)
5 (19.23)
Hand washing after greeting a loved one
52 (15.47)
12 (27.27)
5 (19.23)
Drinking water used
Camwater
82 (24.40)
11 (25.00)
11 (42.30)
0.52 (4.15)
Rain water
6 (1.78)
1 (2.27)
0 (0)
Well
21 (6.25)
6 (13.63)
1 (3.84)
River
14 (4.16)
3 (6.81)
1 (3.84)
Drilled holes (bore holes)
200 (59.52)
22 (50.00)
12 (46.15)
Mineral
13 (3.86)
1 (2.27)
1 (3.84)
Hygiene measure used to make water safe to drink
Chlorination
48 (14.28)
5 (11.36)
3 (11.53)
Filtration
84 (25.00)
6 (13.63)
7 (26.92)
Boiling
13 (3.86)
2 (4.54)
0 (0)
0.53 (3.15)
Decanting
21 (6.25)
1 (2.27)
1 (3.84)
None
170 (50.59)
30 (68.18)
15 (57.69)
Signs and symptoms
Headaches
Yes
232 (69.04)
32 (72.72)
17 (65.38)
No
104 (30.95)
12 (27.27)
9 (34.61)
0.51 (0.42)
Vomiting
Yes
189 (56.25)
27 (61.36)
8 (30.76)
No
147 (43.75)
17 (38.63)
18 (69.23)
0.01 (6.11)
Aches and pain
Yes
234 (69.64)
31 (70.45)
17 (65.38)
No
102 (30.35)
13 (29.54)
9 (34.61)
0.65 (0.19)
Fever
Yes
268 (79.76)
38 (86.36)
17 (65.38)
0.03 (4.27)
No
68 (20.23)
6 (13.63)
9 (34.61)
Shivering
Yes
281 (83.63)
36 (81.81)
23 (88.46)
0.46 (0.54)
No
55 (16.36)
8 (18.18)
3 (11.53)
Diarrhea
Yes
208 (61.90)
28 (63.63)
21 (80.76)
0.13 (2.28)
No
128 (38.09)
16 (36.36)
5 (19.23)
Constipation
Yes
286 (85.11)
40 (90.90)
17 (65.38)
0.008 (7.04)
No
50 (14.88)
4 (9.09)
9 (34.61)
Asthenia
Yes
286 (85.11)
42 (95.45)
26 (100)
0.27 (1.21)
No
50 (14.88)
2 (4.54)
0 (0)
Type of stool
Mucoid
167 (49.70)
26 (59.09)
10 (38.46)
Watery
78 (23.21)
11 (25.00)
6 (23.07)
Hard
74 (22.02)
5 (11.36)
8 (30.76)
0.17 (4.97)
Bloody
17 (5.05)
2 (4.54)
2 (7.69)
Anorexia
Yes
303 (90.17)
28 (63.63)
23 (88.46)
No
33 (9.82)
16 (36.36)
3 (11.53)
0.02 (5.09)
Abdominal pains
Yes
324 (96.42)
42 (95.45)
25 (96.15)
0.88 (0.019)
No
12 (3.57)
2 (4.54)
1 (3.84)
Values in brackets are in percentage (%). In column three, the denominator is 44. In column four, the denominator is 26. Numbers in bold represent the P value of each sociodemographic characteristic which is significantly different compared to the normal P value (0.05).
