Epidemiology and Performances of Typhidot Immunoassay and Widal Slide Agglutination in the Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever in Febrile Patients in Bafoussam City, Cameroon: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study
Table 5
Multivariable analysis of life style of study participants.
Life style
Total (N = 336)
Typhoid fever positive (N = 70)
value
OR (95% CI)
Do you know about typhoid fever?
Yes
328 (97.61)
66 (20.12)
0.043
5.243 (1.052–26.119)
No
8 (2.38)
4 (50)
—
1
If yes, state knowledge source
Hospital
69 (20.53)
19 (27.53)
0.175
0.586 (0.271–1.269)
School
117 (34.82)
24 (20.51)
0.561
0.811 (0.401–1.642)
Media
27 (8.03)
6 (22.22)
0.968
1.023 (0.333–3.147)
Street
123 (36.60)
21 (17.07)
—
1
Typhoid transmission route
Soiled food
174 (51.78)
38 (21.83)
0.303
2.026 (0.528–7.777)
Blood route
13 (3.86)
2 (15.38)
0.566
1.812 (0.238–13.802)
Contact with a sick person
41 (12.20)
10 (24.39)
0.276
2.335 (0.508–10.727)
Soiled water
96 (28.57)
17 (17.70)
0.099
3.311 (0.800–13.707)
From mother to child
12 (3.57)
3 (25)
—
1
Hygiene measures against typhoid
Do not wash hands after bowel movements
86 (25.59)
11 (12.79)
0.004
3.740 (1.515–9.234)
Hand washing before and after meal
46 (13.69)
10 (21.73)
0.152
2.095 (0.762–5.761)
Washing fruits and vegetables before consumption
82 (24.40)
17 (20.73)
0.093
2.085 (0.883–4.922)
Hand washing after returning from public places
70 (20.83)
15 (21.42)
0.217
1.724 (0.726–4.093)
Washing hands after greeting a loved one
52 (15.47)
17 (32.69)
—
1
Drinking water used
Camwater
82 (24.40)
22 (26.82)
0.192
0.326 (0.060–1.758)
Rain water
6 (1.78)
1 (16.66)
0.553
0.436 (0.028–6.783)
Well
21 (6.25)
7 (33.33)
0.156
0.258 (0.040–1.676)
River
14 (4.16)
4 (28.57)
0.193
0.258 (0.034–1.980)
Drilled holes (bore holes)
200 (59.52)
34 (17)
0.645
0.679 (0.132–3.510)
Mineral
13 (3.86)
2 (15.38)
—
1
Hygiene measures used to make water safe to drink
Chlorination
48 (14.28)
8 (16.66)
0.104
2.104 (0.858–5.160)
Filtration
84 (25)
13 (15.47)
0.089
1.910 (0.906–4.031)
Boiling
13 (3.86)
2 (15.38)
0.182
3.148 (0.585–16.931)
Decanting
21 (6.25)
2 (9.52)
0.149
3.093 (0.668–14.327)
None
170 (50.59)
45 (26.47)
—
1
Values in brackets are in percentage (%). In column two, the denominator is 336. In column three, the denominator corresponds to the total of each variable in the lifestyle. Numbers in bold represent the P value of each lifestyle which is significantly different compared to the normal P value (0.05).
