Relationship between Antibiotic Consumption and Resistance: A Systematic Review

Table 1

Pooled antibiotic consumption by different metrics of measurement, 2016–2022 (N = 58).

Antibiotics	Metrics
	Average	DDD/100 patient days	DDD/1000 patient days	DDD/1000 inhabitant days	Grams
Amikacin		6.0	22094.2	20.9	3300
Aminoglycosides	155.2	12.4	797.6
Aminopenicillins				944.0
Aminopenicillins and enzyme inhibitors				682.3
Amoxicillin		1.5	110.9
Amoxicillin/ampicillin		2.7
Amoxicillin/clavulanate		104.4	258.0
Amphenicols			5.2
Ampicillin			21.4
Ampicillin/sulbactam		3.0	61.3
Aminoglycosides		3.8
Antipseudomonal			68.9
Benzylpenicillin			2.2
Biapenem		154.6	7.1
Carbapenems	548.2	190.9	888.0	2.2
Cefazolin		2
Cefepime		8.6	8382.6	6.1
Cefixime			72.0
Cefotaxime			2156.2	0.1
Cefoxitin				0.0
Cefpodoxime			38.0
Ceftazidime		3.5	70434.2	2.9
Ceftazidime/cefepime		3.2
Ceftriaxone		136.3	128296.9		2500
Cefuroxime		5.0	42.1
Cephalosporins	53411.4	256.1	14660.7	658.8
Cephamycin			2200.0	0.1
Ciprofloxacin		136.6	275875.2	26.7	3000
Clarithromycin			10.7
Clindamycin		6.3	53.4		1000
Cloxacillin/cefazolin			85.2
Colistin		7.1	883.3
Daptomycin			6.24
Doripenem			2.53
Doripenem		72.5
Ertapenem		4.1	79.8
Erythromycin			0.8
Flucloxacillin		5
Fluoroquinolones	28630.6	58.7	7554.0	632.1
Fosfomycin			5.4	0.0
Gentamicin		81.4	81311.8	42.7
Glycopeptides	298.3	11.1	118.6
Imipenem		225.7	57558.2
Imipenem/cilastatin			99.2	2.6
Levofloxacin		100.1	573.4	7.1
Lincosamides			44.5
Linezolid	21504.6	365.9	5.3
Macrolides		2.2	9552.3	102.55
Meropenem		607.3	50276.5	6.3	4800
Metronidazole		102.5	85.8
Monobactams			4.4
Moxifloxacin		1.91	153.3
Nitrofurantoin			0.0	1.32	6000
Norfloxacin		0.8	66.5
Ofloxacin			141.5
Oxacephems			30.0
Oxacillin		2	13.4		6000
Oxazolidinone			7.5
Panipenem		30.5
Penicillin		54.9	308.5	12.5
Piperacillin/tazobactam	69068.6	77.2	8614.4	22.3	65000
Polymyxin			2.9
Rifampicin			84.2
Sodium fusidate			0.3
Sulfonamides			30.0
Teicoplanin		1.6	38.9
Tetracyclines			53.5	890.2
Tigecycline		8.5	27.0
Tobramycin			4.7
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole		1.7	156049.4	0.2	2200
Vancomycin		214.4	97.0		6000
Others		1265.7	4109.8	44.8	0
Total	173616.9	4339.5	904622.9	4108.6	99800