Relationship between Antibiotic Consumption and Resistance: A Systematic Review

Table 2

Average pooled prevalence of antibiotic resistance, 2016–2022 (N = 58).

Antibiotics	A. baumannii	CON staphylococci	E. coli	Enterobacter	Enterobacter cloacae	Enterobacteriaceae	Enterococcus faecalis	Enterococcus faecium	H. influenza	H. pylori	K. pneumoniae	N. meningitidis	P. aeruginosa	P. mirabilis	S. aureus	S. pneumonia	Total
3GC			24.4					60			37.5						40.6
Amikacin	43.3		1.8		17.8	5.3					9.4		17.7				16.6
Aminoglycosides	60.8		34.3				64.0				63.0		45.1				52.0
Aminopenicillins							24.5										24.5
Amoxicillin			62.0							0.2						46.0	36.1
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid			39.0						20.0		19.8						24.6
Ampicillin			83.4				20.8	97.7	84.0		26.4				92.1		67.4
Ampicillin/sulbactam	26.6		57.5								52.1						40.7
Aztreonam			22.1		20.4						36.0						26.2
Benzylpenicillin															1.0		1.0
Carbapenems	55.5		8.6	74.1	6.9						23.4		33.3	53.8			33.6
Cefaclor									55.5								55.5
Cefazolin			62.3								69.7						66.0
Cefepime	56.7		8.8		18.2						16.4		22.0				27.7
Cefoperazone/sulbactam	59.0																59.0
Cefotaxime	100.0		27.3									11.0	100.0			35.1	46.8
Cefotetan			0.6								20.0						10.3
Cefoxitin			17.0										100.0		25.7		47.6
Ceftazidime	66.4		25.3		24.8						29.5		25.3				32.3
Ceftazidime/cefepime	95.2												22.9				59.1
Ceftriaxone	62.8		41.3		20.8	25.4					37.6		91.4			38.2	45.6
Cefuroxime			7.0						32.5		19.5						19.7
Cephalosporins			87.4								68	0	0	48.5	0	0	76.8
Chloramphenicol									3.9							6.0	5.0
Ciprofloxacin	56.2	57.8	36.3		1.0	5.1		86.0			20.1	17.0	25.4	54.7	21.3		32.4
Clarithromycin										21.4							21.4
Clindamycin															25.8		25.8
Clindamycin		72.3													37.2		54.8
Colistin	3.8										30.1		7.0				14.1
Doripenem	24.4										33.4		8.1				24.8
Ertapenem				18	10						27.5		43.5			0.3	22.7
Erythromycin								88							27.8	55.8	51.1
ESBLs			18.2			26.7					34.3			25.0			26.8
Fluoroquinolones	71.7		39.5			16.0					42.7		38.8		81.5		48.3
Fosfomycin			1								27.9						14.5
Fosfomycin			14								80						47
Gentamicin	40.4	50.7	22.5		4.5		59.1				19.1		21.6	29.2	28.3		27.6
Glycopeptides								33.0									33.0
Imipenem	51.4		0.6		8.3						19.9		27.7				27.2
Imipenem/cilastatin													13				13
Levofloxacin	21.2		46.2		1.2			70.0		15.8	13.5		30.3		17.9	0.3	26.9
Linezolid	11.9	1															6.5
Meropenem	57.8		1.4			7.9					11.6		24.3			36.6	28.7
Methicillin															44.9		44.9
Metronidazole										38.9							38.9
Moxifloxacin															1.7		1.7
Multidrug	44.3		24.0								49.1		28.8				39.5
Nalidixic acid			52														52
Nitrofurantoin			4.6			3		5.9			10.4						5.4
Ofloxacin									0.3								0.3
Oxacillin		89.7													36.6		45.4
Penicillin			67					98.1							93	16.7	58.3
Piperacillin													9				9
Piperacillin/tazobactam	63.0		14.9		13.9	12.2					30.4		27.2	8.8			29.4
Rifampicin		13.6								0.9					17.85		13.61
Teicoplanin							28.0										28.0
Tetracycline								75.0	5.8						34.0	94.0	48.6
Tigecycline	6.1					0.8					6.9						5.6
Tobramycin	14.2		15.4								15.0		33.7				19.5
TXS	54	58.1	45.2		13.5	18.7					42.0				5.2	75.5	37.6
Vancomycin		6.5					23.3	33.2							10.4		21.3
Beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor			64.3				14.0										39.1
Total average (%)	52.6	43.7	27.4	46.1	12.8	17.7	33.4	59.4	28.9	15.4	28.8	14.0	29.0	48.6	29.7	36.7	38.4

ESBLs: extended-spectrum beta-lactam/beta lactamase-inhibitor; TXS: trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole; 3GC: third-generation cephalosporins.