Research Article
Characterizing Granuloma Annulare in 73 Pediatric Patients
Table 1
Patient and disease characteristics in pediatric GA (N = 73).
| | | All (N = 73) | Localized (n = 52) | Subcutaneous (n = 12) | Generalized (n = 9) |
| | Sex, n (%) | | Female | 46 (63.0) | 30 (57.7) | 10 (83.3) | 6 (66.7) | | Male | 27 (37.0) | 22 (42.3) | 2 (16.7) | 3 (33.3) | | Ethnicity, n (%) | | Caucasian | 39 (53.4) | 27 (51.9) | 7 (58.3) | 5 (55.6) | | African American | 20 (27.4) | 15 (28.8) | 2 (16.7) | 3 (33.3) | | Hispanic | 11 (15.1) | 7 (13.5) | 3 (25.0) | 1 (11.1) | | Unknown | 3 (4.11) | 3 (5.8) | 0 | 0 | | Age at evaluation, years, mean (SD)† | | Affected sites, n (%) | 6.98 (4.35) | 6.67 (4.26) | 7.17 (3.49) | 8.56 (5.88) | | Hands or feet | 36 (49.3) | 25 (48.1) | 8 (66.7) | 3 (33.3) | | Legs | 34 (46.6) | 24 (46.2) | 5 (41.7) | 5 (55.6) | | Arms | 17 (23.3) | 7 (13.5) | 3 (25.0) | 7 (77.8) | | Trunk | 8 (11.0) | 2 (3.85) | 0 | 6 (66.7) | | Face | 4 (5.48) | 2 (3.85) | 1 (8.33) | 1 (11.1) | | Mean affected sites/patient | 1.36 | 1.15 | 1.42 | 2.44 | | Histopathology | | Yes | 21 (28.8) | 7 (13.5) | 10 (83.3) | 4 (44.4) | | No | 52 (71.2) | 45 (86.5) | 2 (16.7) | 5 (55.6) | | Symptoms, n (%) | | Pruritus | 20 (27.4) | 12 (23.1) | 4 (33.3) | 4 (44.4) | | Pain | 3 (4.11) | 2 (3.85) | 1 (8.33) | 0 | | None | 50 (68.5) | 38 (73.1) | 7 (58.3) | 5 (55.6) | | Triggers, n (%) | | Unknown | 68 (93.2) | 51 (98.1) | 9 (75.0) | 8 (88.9) | | Viral infection | 2 (2.74) | 1 (1.92) | 0 | 1 (11.1) | | Trauma | 3 (4.11) | 0 | 3 (25.0) | 0 | | Associated conditions, n (%) | | None | 38 (52.1) | 26 (50.0) | 7 (58.3) | 5 (55.6) | | Atopic dermatitis | 13 (17.8) | 11 (21.2) | 0 | 2 (22.2) | | Obesity | 7 (9.59) | 5 (9.62) | 1 (8.33) | 1 (11.1) | | Allergic rhinitis | 5 (6.85) | 3 (5.77) | 1 (8.33) | 1 (11.1) | | Asthma | 5 (6.85) | 3 (5.77) | 2 (16.7) | 0 | | Prediabetes | 3 (4.11) | 3 (5.77) | 0 | 0 | | Hypothyroidism | 2 (2.74) | 2 (3.85) | 0 | 0 | | Diabetes | 2 (2.74) | 0 | 1 (8.33) | 1 (11.1) | | SLE‡ | 1 (1.37) | 1 (1.92) | 0 | 0 | | Hyperlipidemia | 1 (1.37) | 1 (1.92) | 0 | 0 | | Treatments used | | None | 7 (9.59) | 4 (7.69) | 3 (25.0) | 0 | | Topical steroid | 56 (76.7) | 45 (86.5) | 2 (16.7) | 9 (100) | | Topical tacrolimus | 7 (9.59) | 5 (9.62) | 1 (8.33) | 1 (11.1) | | Excision | 6 (8.22) | 0 | 6 (50.0) | 0 | | Intralesional steroid | 3 (4.11) | 1 (1.92) | 1 (8.33) | 1 (11.1) | | Duration of disease, months, mean (SD) | | Outcome, n (%) | 16.9 (17.1) | 18.7 (19.4) | 17.3 (17.2) | 12.0 (9.68) | | Clearance | 44 (60.3) | 29 (55.8) | 7 (58.3) | 8 (88.9) | | Improvement | 9 (12.3) | 7 (13.5) | 1 (8.33) | 1 (11.1) | | Persistence | 7 (9.59) | 5 (9.62) | 2 (16.7) | 0 | | Uncertain§ | 13 (17.8) | 11 (21.2) | 2 (16.7) | 0 | | Recurrence rate (%) | 24.2 | 17.4 | 45.5 | 33.3 |
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†SD: standard deviation; ‡systemic lupus erythematosus; §due to loss to follow-up.
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