Spiritual Holy Water Sites in Ethiopia: Unrecognized High-Risk Settings for Transmission of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Table 4

The proportion of drug-resistant TB isolates and characteristics of study participants (n = 122).

Characteristics		N	Anti-TB drug resistance patterns
			INH^r, n (%)	RIF^r, n (%)	RIF^r/MDR-TB, n (%)	FLQs-resistant, n (%)
Sex	Male	67	14 (20.9)	9 (13.4)	9 (13.4)	2 (3.0)
	Female	55	6 (10.9)	6 (10.9)	6 (10.9)	3 (5.5)
Age (year)	18–33	75	17 (22.7)	12 (16.0)	12 (16.0)	5 (6.7)
	34–49	31	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
	≥50	16	3 (18.8)	3 (18.8)	3 (18.8)	0 (0.0)
Residence	Urban	46	10 (21.7)	7 (15.2)	7 (15.2)	2 (4.3)
	Rural	76	10 (13.2)	8 (10.5)	8 (10.5)	3 (3.9)
Marital status	Married	85	11 (12.9)	7 (8.2)	7 (8.2)	2 (2.4)
	Single	37	9 (24.3)	8 (21.6)	8 (21.6)	3 (8.1)
Educational status	Can’t read and write	59	6 (10.2)	4 (6.8)	4 (6.8)	0 (0.0)
	Primary school	30	8 (26.7)	7 (23.3)	7 (23.3)	4 (13.3)
	Secondary school and above	33	6 (18.2)	4 (12.1)	4 (12.1)	1 (3.0)
Household size	1–5	57	13 (22.8)	9 (15.8)	9 (15.8)	3 (5.3)
	>5	65	7 (10.8)	6 (9.2)	6 (9.2)	2 (3.1)
Occupation	Farmer	45	4 (8.9)	2 (4.4)	2 (4.4)	1 (2.2)
	Employed^a	6	3 (50.0)	2 (33.3)	2 (33.3)	1 (16.7)
	Unemployed^b	23	5 (21.7)	3 (13.0)	3 (13.0)	1 (4.3)
	Housewife	24	1 (4.2)	1 (4.2)	1 (4.2)	0 (0.0)
	Students and others	24	7 (29.2)	7 (29.2)	7 (29.2)	2 (8.3)
Study area (zone)	North Wello	22	1 (4.5)	1 (4.5)	1 (4.5)	0 (0.0)
	South Wello	22	9 (40.9)	8 (36.4)	8 (36.4)	5 (22.7)
	North Shewa	33	3 (9.1)	3 (9.1)	3 (9.1)	0 (0.0)
	South Gondar	28	6 (21.4)	2 (7.1)	2 (7.1)	0 (0.0)
	Central Gondar and others	17	1 (5.9)	1 (5.9)	1 (5.9)	0 (0.0)
Types of PTB cases	Previously treated	42	3 (7.1)	3 (7.1)	3 (7.1)	1 (2.4)
	Newly diagnosed	80	17 (21.3)	12 (15.0)	12 (15.0)	4 (5.0)

Notes. Single, divorced, and widowed; others: religious leaders and deacons; others: Awi zone, West Gojjam, East Gojjam, and Wag-Hamra FLQs: fluoroquinolones; HWS: holy water site; INH^r: isoniazid resistance; MDR: multidrug-resistant; N: total number of culture-positive cases; PTB: pulmonary tuberculosis; RIF^r: rifampicin resistance; TB: tuberculosis; ^aconstruction worker, administrative worker, healthcare worker, public transport worker; ^bbusinessman, trader, daily laborer.