Microbial- and Plant-Derived Bioactive Peptides and Their Applications against Foodborne Pathogens: Current Status and Future Prospects

Figure 2

Models of membrane-cavity formation. BAPs’ direct bactericidal mechanism involves their interaction with negatively charged membranes, which leads to increased cell membrane permeability, rupture of the cell membrane, or the release of internal contents, and ultimately, cell death. The formation of membrane pores may involve the toroidal-pore, aggregate, barrel-stave, and carpet models, respectively. The hydrophobic sections of peptides enter the phospholipid membrane mix with the internal hydrophobic portions of the phospholipid bilayer, leaving the hydrophilic portions exposed to the outside.