|
Name of the peptide | Plant source | Target pathogen | Mode of action | References |
|
Thionins | Wheat, barley, oats, rice, rye, mistletoe, oil nut, and Abyssinian cabbage | Bacteria | Pore formation, ion channel formation, cell membrane disruption, and protein synthesis inhibition | [13] |
Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Agrobacterium, Erwinia, and Corynebacterium |
|
Purothionin | Wheat | Bacteria | Interfere with DNA synthesis by inhibiting the activity of the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase, and also inhibit the activity of β-glucuronidase | [13, 16] |
Pseudomonas solanacearum, Xanthomonas phaseoli, Xanthomonas campestris, Erwinia amylovora, Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens, Corynebacterium michiganense, Corynebacterium poinsettiae, Corynebacterium sepedonicum, and Corynebacterium fascians |
|
WAMP_1a and WAMP_1b | Seeds of T. kiharae | Fungi | Growth inhibition and induced destruction | [17, 18] |
Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, and Helminthosporium sativum |
Bacteria |
Gram-positive |
Clavibacter michiganense, Gram-negative |
Pseudomonas syringae |
Erwinia carotovora |
|
Lc-Def | Lentil | Fungi | Electrostatic interaction with anionic lipid components of fungal membranes | [18] |
Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus versicolor, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium solani, and Neurospora crassa |
|
AFP-J | Potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum cv. L Jopung) | Fungi | Inhibit serine protease activity | [12, 19] |
Trichosporon beigelii, S. cerevisiae, and Candida albicans |
Bacteria |
Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli |
|
Potide-G | Potato tubers | Bacteria | Suppressed proteolytic activity of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and papain | [12] |
Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganense |
Fungi |
C. albicans and R. solani |
Virus Potato virus Y |
|
PKPI and PPI-I | Potato sprout | Fungi | Inhibit fungal protease, spore germination, hyphal elongation, and the development of necrotic lesions | [12] |
Botrytis cinerea |
|
Potato pseudothionin solanum tuberosum 1 (Pth-St1) | Potato tubers | Bacteria | Bind to the membrane receptor, chelation of Ca2+, and consequently, pores are being formed | [12, 20, 21] |
Clavibacter michiganensis and Pseudomonas solanacearum |
Fungi |
F. solani |
|
PKI1 and PPI3B2 | Potato | Fungi | Fungal proteases affect spore germination, hyphal elongation, and development of necrotic lesions | [22] |
Botrytis cinerea |
|
PLPKI | Potato | Phytophthora infestans and Rhizoctonia solani | Inhibited the activity of extracellular proteases | [23] |
|
PSPI-21 and PKSI | Potato tubers | Fungi | Serine proteinases inhibitor (affect the growth of oomycete mycelium and fungal mycelium) induces complete destruction of oomycete zoospores and partial destruction of fungal macroconidia | [24] |
Phytophthora infestans and Fusarium culmorum |
|
Snakins (SN1 and SN2) | Potato | Bacteria | Rapid aggregation of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria | [12, 25] |
C. michiganensis subsp. Sepedonicus, Ralstonia solanacearum, and R. meliloti |
Fungi |
B. cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Conglutinans, F. solani, Bipolaris maydis, Aspergillus flavus, and Colletotrichum graminicola |
|
2S albumin-like protease inhibitor | Barley seeds | Fungi | Permeabilize fungal membranes | [19, 26] |
Alternaria brassicicola, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, Pyricularia oryzae, and Verticillium dahlia |
|
Trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors | Cabbage leaves | Fungi | Blocked the synthesis of chitin in the cell wall, and weakened the fungal hyphae, thus inducing the leakage of intracellular contents from susceptible fungal species | [19, 27] |
Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium solani |
|
ZmESR-6 | Kernels of maize | Bacteria | Inhibit protein synthesis and block ion channels | [28, 29] |
Clavibacter Michiganensis, Xanthomonas campestris, and Rhizobium meliloti |
Fungi |
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. Conglutinans, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici, and Plectosphaerella cucumerina |
|
Fabatin | Broad bean | Bacteria | Insertion into the plasma membranes of bacterial cells, leading to depolarization of the membrane and cell lysis | [29–31] |
Escherichia coli, Enterococcus hirae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
|
VaD1 | Azuki bean | Bacteria | Inhibit protein synthesis | [29, 32] |
Staphylococcus epidermis, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, and Salmonella typhimurium |
Fungi |
Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium oxysporum, and Trichophyton rubrum |
So-D2 and So-D7 | Spinach | Bacteria | Damage the cell wall via repression of gene expression or via restricting bacterial replication, causing cell lysis | [29, 33] |
Clavibacter sepedonicus and Ralstonia solanacearum |
|
Tu-AMP1 and Tu-AMP2 | Tulipa gesneriana | Bacteria | Positively charged proteins interact with negatively charged membrane phospholipids, following a membrane permeability modification | [21, 29] |
Erwinia carotovora subsp. Carotovora, A. tumefaciens, Clavibacter michiganensis, and Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. oortii |
|
Pp-AMP 1 and Pp- AMP 2 | Japanese bamboo shoots | Bacteria | Binds to specific phospholipids and cause the exposure of toxicity, resulting in cationic imbalance | [21] |
E. carotovora, A. radiobacter, A. rhizogenes, C. michiganensis, and C. flaccumfaciens |
|
MtDef5 | Medicago truncatula | Bacteria | Permeabilizes the plasma membrane, translocates into the cells of this bacterial pathogen and binds to DNA, membrane permeabilization, and fungal growth arrest | [29, 34] |
Xanthomonas campestris pv. Campestris |
Fungi |
Fusarium graminearum and Neurospora crassa |
|
Tad1 | Winter wheat | Pseudomonas cichorii | Unknown | [29] |
|
OsDef7 and OsDef8 | Rice Oryza sativa | Bacteria | Interact with the negatively charged phospholipids on the bacterial membrane surface and fungal membrane destabilization | [29, 35] |
Xanthomonas oryzae, pv. oryzae, X. oryzae pv. oryzicola, Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Dickeya dadantii |
Fungi |
Helminthosporium oryzae and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense |
|
PvD1 | Seeds | Fungi | Oxidative damage related to the induction of ROS and NO production, cytoplasmic fragmentation, formation of multiple cytoplasmic vacuoles, and membrane permeabilization in the cells of this organism | [36, 37] |
C. albicans |
Protozoa |
Leishmania amazonensis |
|
Limenin | Phaseolus limensis | Bacteria | Membrane collapse by interacting with lipid molecules on the bacterial cell surface, inhibiting the translation of fungi. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibition | [29, 38, 39] |
Mycobacterium phlei, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus megaterium, and Bacillus subtilis |
Fungi |
Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, and Mycosphaerella arachidicola |
Virus |
HIV-1 |
|
Ct-AMP1 | Clitoria ternatea | Fungi | Cause a reduction in hyphal thickness and an apparent collapse of the plasma membrane leading to an apparent fragmentation of the cytoplasm | [29, 40] |
Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Fusarium culmorum Leptosphaeria maculans, Penicillium digitatum, Trichoderma viride, Septoria tritici, and Verticillium albo-atrum |
|
J1-1 | Capsicum annuum | Bacteria | Binds with phosphoinositides (PIs) and PA | [29] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
Fungi |
Fusarium oxysporum and Botrytis cinerea |
|
MsDef1 | M. sativa | Fungi | Ion channel blocking and hyperbranching | [41] |
F. graminearum |
|
HaDEF1 | Sunflower | Fungi | Membrane permeabilization and apoptosis | [41] |
O. Cumana, O. Ramosa, S. cerevisiae, and A. brassicicola |
|
Fa-AMP1 and Fa-AMP2 | Buckwheat seeds | Bacteria | Disruption of microbial membranes and phospholipid liposomes, an interaction with a specific receptor as an ion channel or a sphingolipid | [21, 29] |
Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Clavibacter michiganensis, and Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. oortii |
Fungi |
Fusarium oxysporum and Geotrichum candidum |
|
α-Hordothionins | Barley | Bacteria | Interacting electrically with fungal lipid bilayer and linking to the membrane surface, leading to permeabilization and disruption of the membrane organization | [21, 42] |
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria |
|
Pa-AMP-1 | Pokeweed seeds | Fungi | Interact with the phospholipids of cell membranes, resulting in the inhibition of fungal growth | [42, 43] |
Alternaria panax and Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia solani |
|
Cp-thionin II (γ-thionins) | Cowpea seeds | Bacteria | Insertion into the plasma membranes of bacterial cells, leading to depolarization of the membrane, cell lysis, and permeabilization of the hyphae, leading to leakage and granulation of the plasma membrane, and increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes fungal growth inhibition | [29, 30, 44] |
Pseudomonas syringae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli |
Fungi |
F. culmorum |
|
Dm-AMP1 | Dahlia merckii | Fungi | Causes a reduction in hyphal thickness and an apparent collapse of the plasma membrane leading to an apparent fragmentation of the cytoplasm | [29, 40] |
Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Fusarium culmorum Leptosphaeria maculans, Penicillium digitatum Trichoderma viride, Septoria tritici Verticillium albo-atrum |
|
Hs-AFP1 | Heuchera sanguinea | Fungi | Causes germ tubes and hyphae to swell and form multiple hyphal buds, membrane permeabilization, ROS, and apoptosis | [40, 41] |
Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Fusarium culmorum, Leptosphaeria maculans, C. albicans, C. krusei, A.flavus, Penicillium digitatum, Trichoderma viride, Septoria tritiei, and Verticillium albo-atrum |
|
Rs-AFP2 | Radishes | Fungi | Causes germ tubes and hyphae to swell and form multiple hyphal buds, membrane permeabilization, ROS, apoptosis, inhibit cell growth, and ion flux | [40, 41] |
Botrytis cinerea Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Fusarium culmorum Neurospora crassa Leptosphaeria maculans, Penicillium digitatum Trichoderma viride Septoria tritici Verticillium albo-atrum |
|
Hc-AFP | Heliophila coronopifolia | Fungi | Hyperbranching, fungal tip swelling, increased granulation of hyphae and spores, as well as hyphal and spore, and membrane permeabilization disruption | [41] |
Botrytis cinerea |
Fusarium solani |
|
Ah-AMP1 | Horse chestnut | Fungi | Reducing hyphal thickness and collapse of the plasma membrane causes an apparent fragmentation of the cytoplasm | [29, 40] |
Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Fusarium culmorum, Leptosphaeria maculans, Penicillium digitatum Trichoderma viride Septoria tritici, and Verticillium albo-atrum |
|
NaD1 γ-thionin-like protein | Nicotiana alata | Fungi | Interacting with the cell wall causes the destruction of internal membrane integrity by membrane permeabilization and targets internal organelles by inducing the development of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and fungal cell death | [37, 41, 45] |
Leptosphaeria maculans, V. dahlia, Thielaviopsis basicola, Aspergillus nidulans, C. albicans, C. neoformans, C. gattii, and Fusarium oxysporum |
|
BCP-2 alpha thionin | Barley grain | Fungi | Bind to glucosylceramides and sphingolipids, leading to fungal cell lysis | [21, 44, 46] |
Botrytis cinerea |
Trichoderma viride |
|
Mo-CBP2 (chitin-binding protein) | Seeds | Fungi | Increased the cell membrane permeabilization and produce reactive oxygen species, have DNase activity | [47] |
Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis |
|
Mo-CBP3 | Seeds | Fungi | Inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth induced the production of ROS and caused disorganization of both the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane leading to cell death | [48] |
Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Colletotrichum musae, and C. gloeosporioides |
|
Cy-AMP1 | Cycad seeds | Fungi | Bind to chitin of fungus surface | [49, 50] |
F. oxysporum |
G. candidum |
|
Lunatusin | Chinese lima bean | Bacteria | Causes membrane collapse by interacting with lipid molecules on the bacterial cell surface, inhibits mycelial growth of fungi, and inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcriptase protein-protein inhibition | [16, 38, 49] |
Bacillus megaterium, B. subtilis, P. vulgaris, and Mycobacterium phlei |
Fungi |
Fusarium oxysporum, Mycosphaerella arachidicola, and Botrytis cinerea |
Virus |
HIV-1 |
|
Vulgarinin | Haricot beans | Bacteria | Cell membrane disruption, growth inhibition, and death of bacteria, interaction with phosphorylinositol containing sphingolipids or glycosylceramides cause subsequent fungal cell death, and inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase | [16, 38, 51] |
Mycobacterium phlei, Bacillus megaterium, B. subtilis, P. vulgaris |
Fungi |
Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, Physalospora piricola, and Mycosphaerella arachidicola |
Virus |
HIV-1 |
|
Hispidalin | Benincasa hispida | Bacteria | Amphipathicity and cationic charge of peptide facilitates the peptide attachment and insertion into the bacterial membrane to create transmembrane pores resulting in membrane permeabilization. Fungal hyphae growth inhibition | [16, 52] |
S. enterica, S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa |
Fungi |
A. flavus, F. solani, C. geniculate, and P. chrysogenum |
|
(Cg24-I) | Carica candamarcensis, C. papaya, and Cryptostegia grandiflora | Fungi | Inhibition of mycelia growth and spore germination | [16, 53] |
F. solani, R. solani, and F. oxysporum |
|
CpLP cysteine-like proteases | Calotropis procera | Fungi | Fungal growth inhibition, production of ROS lead to oxidative stress, loss of cell function, and ultimately cell death by apoptosis or necrosis | [54] |
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani, Neurospora sp., and Aspergillus Niger |
|
IbAMP1 plant defensin | Seeds | Bacteria | Increase permeability to the cell membrane, permitting efflux of ATP and interfering with intracellular molecular processes (DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis) | [55, 56] |
E. coli O157: H7 and Staphylococcus aureus |
|
WAMPs (hevein-like AMPs) | Wheat | Fungi | Cell wall/membrane disruption, the peptide penetrates through the fungal cell walls and interferes with fungal growth by binding or cross-linking the newly-synthesized chitin chains, penetrating into the fungal hyphae and localized at the septum and hyphal tips, resulting in hyphal tip burst and leakage of the cytoplasmic constituents. Active against fungal metalloproteases | [57, 58] |
C. cucumerinum, A. alternata F. oxysporum, and B. sorokiniana |
|
AX (cysteine-rich proteins) | Sugar beet leaves | Fungi | Reduction of hyphal growth | [59] |
C. beticola |
|
Ay-AMP | Amaranthus hypochondriacus seeds | Fungi | Degrades chitin of the fungal cell walls and accumulates at septa and hyphal tips by the union to the fungus cell wall chitin, inhibiting the growth | [60] |
Candida albicans, Trichoderma sp., Fusarium solani, Penicillium chrysogenum, Geotrichum candidum, Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus. ochraceus, and Alternaria alternata |
|
Pn-AMPs (hevein-type) | Seeds of morning glory | Fungi | Penetrated very rapidly into fungal hyphae and localized at septum and hyphal tips of fungi, which caused the burst of hyphal tips. The burst of hyphae resulted in disruption of the fungal membrane and leakage of the cytoplasmic materials | [61] |
Botrytis cinerea, Phytophthora parasitica, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
|
GAFP (hevein-type) | Ginkgo biloba | Fungi | Burst of hyphal tips increased hyphal membrane permeabilization | [7] |
Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium moniliforme, Pellicularia sasakii Ito, and Alternaria alternata |
|
Ns-D1 and Ns-D2 | Nigella sativa seeds | Fungi | Inhibited hyphal growth | [7, 62] |
Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium culmorum, Bipolaris sorokiniana, and Botrytis cinerea |
|
PINA and PINB (puroindoline) | Wheat | Fungi | Interactions with cellular membranes and ion channel formation in the membranes | [7] |
Alternaria brassicicola, Ascochyta pisi, Botrytis cinerea, Verticillium dahliae, Fusarium culmorum, and Cochliobolus heterostrophus |
|
Ha-AP10 (lipid transfer proteins) | Sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus) | Fungi | Membrane permeabilization by electrostatic interaction with anionic membrane phospholipids induces liposome leakage and permeabilization of fungal spores | [55, 63] |
Fusarium solani |
|
WjAMP1 (hevein-like AMPs) | Leaves of Wasabia japonica L. | Bacteria | Peptide binding to the membrane can activate several pathways that will cause cell death | [7, 38, 64] |
Escherichia coli |
Agrobacterium tumefaciens |
Pseudomonas cichorii |
P. plantarii |
P. glumae |
Fungi | Inhibit spore germination and hyphal growth, interaction with fungal membrane lipids resulting in the formation of membrane pores, and leakage of cytoplasmic materials |
Botrytis cinerea |
Fusarium solani |
Magnaporthe grisea |
Alternaria alternata |
|
LTP protein (lipid transfer proteins) | Wheat | Fungi | Fungal membranes form a pore resulting in an efflux of intracellular ions culminating in cell death | [7] |
Rhizoctonia solani |
Curvularia lunata |
Alternaria sp. |
Bipolaris oryzae |
Cylindrocladium |
Scoparium |
Botrytis cinerea |
Sarocladium oryzae |
|
Kalata B (cyclotide) | Oldenlandia affinis | Bacteria | Induces leakage of contents from phospholipid vesicles and forms large pores in lipid bilayers, has lytic ability causing membrane leakage of helminth, and inhibits the development of nematode larvae and motility of adult worms | [7, 65] |
Staphylococcus aureus |
E. coli |
Nematode |
Haemonchus contortus |
Trichostrongylus colubriformis |
|
Shepherins (glycine- and histidine-rich peptides) | Capsella bursa-pastoris | Bacteria | Insertion into the membrane, triggering disruption of lipid bilayer physical integrity, membrane thinning/formation of transient pores, and destabilization of internal membranes, leading to disruption of the endosome | [66, 67] |
Erwinia herbicola, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas putida |
Fungi |
S. cerevisiae |
C. albicans |
Cryptococcus neoformans |
|