|
| Name of the peptide | Microbial source | Target pathogen | Mode of action | References |
|
| Pediocins | Pediococcus spp. | Bacteria | Disrupt proton motive force, formation of pores in the cytoplasmic membrane, and cell membrane dysfunction | [69] |
| Listeria monocytogenes |
|
| Nisin | Lactococcus lactis | Bacteria | Pore formation and the inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis | [70–72] |
| Listeria monocytogenes |
| Streptococcus aureus |
| Spore-forming Bacillus Clostridium species |
|
| Lacticin 3147 | Lactococcus lactis | Bacteria | Cell wall disruption and pore formation | [70] |
| Staphylococcus aureus |
| Enterococcus faecalis |
| Pneumococcus |
| Propionibacterium acnes, Streptococcus mutans, and Listeria monocytogenes |
| Bacillus cereus |
|
| Enterocin A | Enterococcus faecium | Bacteria | Interacts with cell wall and cell receptor, membrane permeabilization causes the leakage, and interferes in DNA replication and mRNA synthesis and transcription | [72, 73] |
| L. monocytogenes |
| Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica |
|
| Propionicin | P. thoenii, P. jensenii, and P. freudenreichii | Bacteria | Unknown | [74, 75] |
| Helicobacter pylori |
| Listeria monocytogenes |
| Corynebacterium spp. |
| Vibrio parahaemolyticus |
| Yersinia enterocolitica |
| Pseudomonas spp., |
| Saccharomyces spp. |
| Aspergillus spp. |
| Fungi |
| Aspergillus wentii and Apiotrichum curvatum |
| Fusarium tricinctum and Phialophora gregata |
| Candida, Saccharomyces, and Scopulariopsis genera |
|
| Lynronne | Rumen microbiome | Bacteria | Membrane permeabilization pore formation and lysis | [76, 77] |
| Staphylococcus aureus |
| Acinetobacter baumannii |
| P. aeruginosa |
|
| Gramicidin S | Aneurinibacillus migulanus | Bacteria | Binding of peptides to Gram-negative LPS and their ability to disrupt Gram-negative cell membranes, accumulation of bacterial membrane phospholipids, and pore formation in the cell membrane | [78, 79] |
| E. coli |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| Acinetobacter baumannii Staphylococcus aureus |
| Enterococcus faecium |
|
| Gramicidin A | Bacillus brevis | Bacteria | Membrane permeabilization, interruption of internal molecular function (DNA and protein functions), formation of hydroxyl free radicals, and the imbalance of NADH metabolism | [80, 81] |
| Staphylococcus aureus |
|
| Gramicidin A (1) | Bacillus brevis | Bacteria | Disrupts the transmembrane ion concentration gradient by forming an ion channel in a lipid bilayer | [82] |
| S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae |
| Enterococcus faecalis |
| Streptococcus agalactiae |
|
| Endolysins (phage-derived AMP) | Bacteriophages of A. baumannii | Bacteria | Cause hydrolysis of bacterial cell wall | [83] |
| Acinetobacter baumannii |
| Fungi |
| Aspergillus fumigatus |
| Candida albicans |
|
| Tyrocidines | Bacillus aneurinolyticus | Bacteria | Binds to bacterial membranes and disrupts structural integrity, resulting in bacterial cell death, disruption of the asexual cycle of the parasite and inhibit the respiration of parasitized red cells | [84–87] |
| B. Subtilis |
| C. albicans |
| Parasite |
| Caenorhabditis elegans |
| Plamodium gallinaceum |
|
| Valinomycin | Streptomyces cavourensis, S. fulvissimus, S. roseochromogenes, and S. griseus | Bacteria | Degradation of glycolytic ATP affects respiration and disrupts the K+ ion gradient across the cell membrane, and the unbalanced distribution of ions in the bacterium causes cell death and fungal cell wall and cell membrane permeabilization | [88–90] |
| Streptococcus faecalis and Micrococcus lysodeikticus |
| Staphylococcus aureus |
| Fungi |
| Candida albicans |
| Cryptococcus albidus |
|
| Aureobasidin A 1 (cyclodepsipeptides) | Aureobasidium pullulans R106 | Fungi | Affect spore germination rate, germination initiation, polarized growth of germ tube, and elongation rate; inhibit inositolphosphoryl-ceramide (IPC) synthase; inhibition of sphingolipid biosynthesis resulting in loss of intracellular structure and vacuolization; and membrane trafficking which disturbed cell proliferation of the parasite | [91] |
| Penicillium digitatum |
| P. italicum, P. expansum, Botrytis cinerea, and Monilinia fructicola |
| C. albicans, S. cerevisiae, and C. neoformans |
| A. fumigates, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and A. nidulans |
| A. Niger and A. oryzae |
| Parasite |
| Toxoplasma gondii |
| Leishmania amazonensis |
|
| Colistin (polymyxin E) | Paenibacillus polymyxa | Bacteria | Increase the permeability of the bacterial membrane, leading to leakage of the cytoplasmic content and causing cell death, and bind to lipid portion A and neutralize and inhibit vital respiratory enzymes | [92] |
| E. coli and A. baumannii |
| P. aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia |
| Enterobacter spp. |
| Klebsiella spp. |
| Citrobacter spp. |
| Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp. |
|
| Omphalitis | Omphalotus olearius | Nematodes | Unknown | [93] |
| Meloidogyne incognita and Caenorhabditis elegans |
|
| Daptomycin | Streptomyces roseosporus | Bacteria staphylococci and enterococci | Bacterial cell membrane, causing rapid membrane depolarization and a potassium ion efflux, followed by the arrest of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, resulting in bacterial cell death | [94, 95] |
|
| Pargamicin A | Amycolatopsis sp. | Bacteria | Disruption of the membrane potential, leading to loss of the membrane function | [94, 95] |
| S. aureus and E. faecalis |
|
| Nocardithiocin | Nocardia pseudobrasiliensis | Bacteria | Cell membrane or cell wall permeability | [94, 96] |
| Mycobacterium |
| Gordonia species |
| M. tuberculosis |
|
| Xylapeptide | Xylaria sp. | Bacteria | Unknown | [94] |
| Bacillus subtilis |
| B. cereus, B. megaterium, and Micrococcus luteus |
| S. aureus and Shigella castellani |
| Fungus |
| C. albicans |
|
| Lugdunin | Staphylococcus lugdunensis | Bacteria | Impairment of membrane integrity or ion transport and proton leakage in synthetic, protein-free membrane vesicles | [94, 97, 98] |
| Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus |
|
| Venturamide | Oscillatoria sp. | Parasite | Unknown | [94] |
| P. falciparum |
|
| Xenoamicin A | Xenorhabdus doucetiae and Xenorhabdus mauleonii | Parasite | Interacts with the cytoplasmic membrane | [94, 99] |
| P. falciparum |
| T. brucei rhodesiense |
|
| Szentiamide | Xenorhabdus szentirmaii | Parasite | Interacts with the cytoplasmic membrane | [99] |
| Plasmodium falciparum |
| Trypanosoma cruzi |
| Bacteria |
| M. luteus |
|
| Apicidin | Fusarium semitectum | Parasite | Inhibit histone deacetylase of parasite | [100, 101] |
| Plasmodium falciparum and T. gondii |
| Plasmodium berghei |
|
| Thiostrepton | Streptomyces azureus and Streptomyces laurentii | Parasite | Inhibition of protein synthesis by proteasome β subunits and inhibition of mRNA translation | [100] |
| Plasmodium berghei |
|
| Amphomycin | Streptomyces canus | Parasite | Inhibits the biosynthesis of the glycolipid precursor of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) protein by which the variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs) are anchored in the membrane of the parasites | [100] |
| Trypanosoma brucei |
| T. b. gambiense |
| T. b. rhodesiense |
|
| Leucinostatins (A and B) and alamethicin | Paecilomyces spp | Parasite | Pore formation in the membranes and interruption of cellular homeostasis, resulting in the death of the parasite | [100] |
| Trypanosoma brucei |
| T. b. brucei and T. b. rhodesiense |
|
| Haloduracin (lantibiotic) | Bacillus halodurans | Bacteria | Pore formation, cell membrane attack, and the inhibition of cell wall synthesis | [102] |
| B. anthracis |
| Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, Bacillus cereus, and methicillin-resistant |
| Staphylococcus aureus |
|
| Albicidin | Xanthomonas albilineans | Bacteria | Inhibit DNA replication, transcription, supercoiling, gene regulation, and catalytic DNA cleavage-religation cycle of the GyrA subunit | [103, 104] |
| Enterobacter aerogenes |
| Escherichia coli |
| Haemophilus influenza |
| Klebsiella pneumonia |
| Shigella sonnei and Staphylococcus aureus |
|
| Griselimycin | Streptomyces griseus | Bacteria | Inhibit nucleic acid biosynthesis by sliding clamp of DNA polymerase III | [104, 105] |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
|
| Colicin E | Escherichia coli | Bacteria | Inhibit nucleic acid biosynthesis by cleaving the targeted cell’s DNA or tRNA and digests the peptidoglycan precursors, leading to cell death pore formation in the inner membrane and degrade the internal molecular components | [71, 104, 106, 107] |
| Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli |
| Enteroinvasive |
| E. coli and Shigella |
| Enterobacter |
| Klebsiella and Morganella |
| Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia |
|
| Dudawalamides | Moorea producens | Parasite | Unknown | [94] |
| P. falciparum, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania donovani |
|
| Ambobactin | Streptomyces ambofaciens | Bacteria | Target cytoplasmic membrane | [94, 108] |
| Bacillus subtilis |
| Escherichia coli |
| Erwinia carotovora |
| Pseudomonas syringae |
| Fungi |
| Ralstonia solanacearum and Xanthomonas oryzae |
|
| Teixobactin | Eleftheria terrae | Bacteria | Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to the precursor of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid | [94] |
| S. aureus |
| Streptococcus pneumonia, M. tuberculosis, Clostridium difficile, and Bacillus anthracis |
|
| Maribasins | Bacillus marinus | Fungi | Unknown | [109] |
| Alternaria solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Verticillium albo-atrum |
|
| Clavariopsins | Clavariopsin aquatica | Fungi | Inhibit the synthesis of fungal cell walls | [91] |
| C. albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and A. niger |
|
| Anidulafungin | Aspergillus oryzae | Fungi | Inhibition on β-(1,3)-glucan synthase | [109] |
| Candida |
|
| GE81112 | Streptomyces sp. | Bacteria | Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis machinery | [110] |
| S. pneumoniae, E. faecalis, E. coli and B. subtilis, and S. pyogenes |
|
| Carmaphycin B | Symploca sp. | Parasite | Targets Plasmodium proteasome | [96] |
| Plasmodium falciparum |
|
| Kakadumycin A | Streptomyces sp. | Bacteria | Binding to DNA prevents RNA synthesis | [111] |
| Bacillus anthracis |
| Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus simulans, and Staphylococcus aureus |
| S. pneumonia |
| Listeria monocytogenes |
| Parasite |
| Plasmodium falciparum |
|
| Fengycins | Bacillus subtilis | Fungi | Disrupt the mitochondrial membrane potential, production of reactive oxygen species, and chromatin condensation in fungal hyphal cells resulting in hyphal cell death | [112] |
| Magnaporthe grisea |
| Aspergillus niger |
| Mucor rouxii |
| Rhizopus stolonifer |
| Gibberella zeae and Fusarium graminearum |
| Sclerotinia sclerotiorum |
|
