Characterization of Phenotypic Variation in Indigenous Chicken Populations in Lower Northern Thailand to Improve Chicken Breeding

Table 3

Data and information about the least square means of quantitative variables for the six native chicken breeds under study.

Quantitative variables	Chicken breeds						Averages	value
	Khiew Phalee	Thao Thong	Lueng Hang Khao	Chee	Pra Dhu Hang Dam	Jae
Body weight							<0.0001
Male	3.44 ± 0.13	3.09 ± 0.19	3.26 ± 0.14	3.42 ± 0.23	3.40 ± 0.18	1.19 ± 0.13	2.96 ± 0.07^a	0.3333
Female	2.29 ± 0.14	2.21 ± 0.15	2.41 ± 0.15	2.52 ± 0.16	2.47 ± 0.14	1.05 ± 0.36	2.15 ± 0.08^b
Average	2.87 ± 0.09^a	2.65 ± 0.12^a	2.83 ± 0.10^a	2.97 ± 0.14^a	2.93 ± 0.12^a	1.12 ± 0.19^b	2.59 ± 0.87	<0.0001
Body height							<0.0001
Male	61.75 ± 1.05	58.43 ± 1.59	59.86 ± 1.12	60.40 ± 1.88	58.25 ± 1.49	36.00 ± 1.12	55.78 ± 0.58^a	0.0793
Female	47.79 ± 1.12	49.91 ± 1.27	49.00 ± 1.21	49.30 ± 1.33	48.69 ± 1.17	29.29 ± 1.59	45.66 ± 0.53^b
Average	54.76 ± 0.77^a	54.17 ± 1.02^ab	54.43 ± 0.83^ab	54.85 ± 1.15^ab	53.47 ± 0.95^b	32.64 ± 0.97^c	50.72 ± 10.02	<0.0001
Body length							<0.0001
Male	23.38 ± 0.53	22.57 ± 0.79	23.64 ± 0.56	23.80 ± 0.94	24.71 ± 0.79	14.00 ± 0.54	22.02 ± 0.29^a	0.0862
Female	21.07 ± 0.56	20.09 ± 0.63	22.08 ± 0.61	20.50 ± 0.67	19.92 ± 0.58	13.17 ± 0.86	19.47 ± 0.27^b
Average	22.22 ± 0.38^ab	21.33 ± 0.51^b	22.86 ± 0.41^a	22.15 ± 0.58^ab	22.32 ± 0.49^ab	13.58 ± 0.51^c	20.68 ± 3.93	<0.0001
Body width							<0.0001
Male	19.25 ± 0.25	20.71 ± 0.70	21.29 ± 0.49	22.20 ± 0.83	21.75 ± 0.65	13.40 ± 0.48	19.77 ± 0.25^a	0.3958
Female	16.71 ± 0.49	18.20 ± 0.58	18.42 ± 0.53	18.50 ± 0.58	18.15 ± 0.51	12.41 ± 0.70	17.02 ± 0.23^b
Average	17.98 ± 0.34^b	19.46 ± 0.45^a	19.85 ± 0.36^a	20.35 ± 0.51^a	19.95 ± 0.41^a	12.77 ± 0.42^c	18.17 ± 3.30	<0.0001
Wing length							<0.0001
Male	20.19 ± 0.51	19.14 ± 0.76	18.93 ± 0.54	19.40 ± 0.90	19.38 ± 0.56	11.27 ± 0.52	18.05 ± 0.28^a	0.0928
Female	16.36 ± 0.54	16.00 ± 0.61	16.18 ± 0.61	16.20 ± 0.64	15.31 ± 0.56	10.83 ± 0.83	15.15 ± 0.26^b
Average	18.27 ± 0.37^a	17.57 ± 0.49^ab	17.56 ± 0.41^ab	17.80 ± 0.55^ab	17.34 ± 0.45^b	11.05 ± 0.48^c	16.55 ± 3.48	<0.0001
Upper shank length							<0.0001
Male	16.00 ± 0.39	16.86 ± 0.59	17.57 ± 0.42	16.80 ± 0.70	17.00 ± 0.55	10.00 ± 0.40	15.70 ± 0.21^a	0.5855
Female	12.71 ± 0.42	13.27 ± 0.47	13.83 ± 0.45	14.20 ± 0.49	13.69 ± 0.43	7.86 ± 0.59	12.59 ± 0.19^b
Average	14.36 ± 0.28^b	15.06 ± 0.38^b	15.70 ± 0.31^a	15.50 ± 0.43^ab	15.35 ± 0.35^ab	8.93 ± 0.36^c	14.05 ± 3.07	<0.0001
Lower shank length							<0.0001
Male	12.38 ± 0.28	12.57 ± 0.42	13.71 ± 0.30	13.20 ± 0.51	13.50 ± 0.40	7.53 ± 0.29	12.15 ± 0.15^a	0.2672
Female	10.36 ± 0.30	10.73 ± 0.34	11.17 ± 0.33	11.20 ± 0.36	10.77 ± 0.31	6.43 ± 0.43	10.11 ± 0.14^b
Average	11.37 ± 0.21^b	11.65 ± 0.27^b	12.44 ± 0.22^a	12.20 ± 0.31^ab	12.13 ± 0.25^ab	6.98 ± 0.26^c	11.05 ± 2.33	<0.0001
Toe length							<0.0001
Male	9.50 ± 0.25	10.14 ± 0.37	10.21 ± 0.26	10.20 ± 0.44	10.50 ± 0.35	6.33 ± 0.25	9.48 ± 0.13^a	0.7068
Female	8.00 ± 0.26	9.00 ± 0.29	8.75 ± 0.28	8.40 ± 0.31	8.54 ± 0.27	5.29 ± 0.37	7.99 ± 0.12^b
Average	8.75 ± 0.18^b	9.57 ± 0.24^ab	9.48 ± 0.19^a	9.30 ± 0.27^ab	9.52 ± 0.22^ab	5.81 ± 0.23^c	8.67 ± 1.72	<0.0001

Note. The values presented in the context are represented as means with standard deviation, and these values have been compared using Duncan’s new multiple range test, with the differentiation represented by different letters. The study investigated eight quantitative variables, including body weight (in kg), body height, body length, body width, wing length, upper and lower shank length, and toe length (all in cm), across six native chicken breeds.