The Protective Effects of Vanillic Acid and Vanillic Acid-Coated Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Table 3

Renal function in diabetic male rats treated with vanillic acid and vanillic acid-coated AgNPs.

Parameters (mg/dl)	Statistical tests	G1 (negative control)	G2 (positive control)	G3 (treated with vanillic acid)	G4 (treated with vanillic acid-coated AgNPs)
Urea		^d	^a	^b	^c
	LSD
	-test	—	-50.59	43.81	40.36
Creatinine		^d	^a	^b	^c
	LSD
	-test	—	-24.64	20.55	31.62
Uric acid		^a	^a	^a	^a
	LSD
	-test	—	-0.33^NS	0.19^NS	0.72^NS
Na+		^a	^d	c	^b
	LSD
	-test	—	37.71	-24.64	-19.76
K+		^d	^a	^b	^c
	LSD
	-test	—	-13.69	09.48	20.61
Ca++		^a	^d	^c	^b
	LSD
	-test	—	60.32	-19.12	-91.64

Data are displayed as (SD). Means with different superscripts (a, b, c, or d) are statistically different at , according to post hoc ANOVA analysis. When they have the same superscript, they are not significantly different at . LSD: least significant difference; NS: not significant. Each group consisted of 6 rats, and tests were repeated 6 times. Statistically highly significant (at ).