The Role of Probiotics in Managing Glucose Homeostasis in Adults with Prediabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Characteristics of the included study.

Author, year, country	Administration form	Experiment group					Control group					Outcome	Measurement timepoint (month)
		Sample size	Age (Y) (range or )	Male (%)	BMI (kg/m^2); ()	Intervention	Sample size	Age (Y) (range or )	Male (%)	BMI (kg/m^2); ()	Intervention
Barthow et al., 2022 [21]; New Zealand	Capsule	76	39.1-80.3	47.40		Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 ( cfu)	77	37.5-74.6	57.10		150 mg corn-derived maltodextrin	HbA1c, FBG, HOMA-IR, INS, TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, and BMI	6
Naito et al., 2018 [22]; Japan	Milk	48		100		Lactobacillus casei YIT 9029 ( cfu)	50		100		Nonfermented milk	HbA1c, FBG, HOMA-IR, INS, TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, and BMI	2
Oh et al., 2021 [23]; Korea	Capsule	20		15		Lactobacillus plantarum HAC01 ( cfu)	17		30		Microcrystalline cellulose	HbA1c, FBG, HOMA-IR, INS, TG, TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C	1
Toshimitsu et al., 2020 [24]; Japan	Yogurt	62		67.74		Lactobacillus plantarum OLL2712 yogurt ( cfu/112 g of yogurt)	64		68.75		Placebo yogurt	HbA1c, FBG, HOMA-IR, INS, IL-6, TNF-α, and BMI	3
Tay et al., 2020 [25]; New Zealand	Capsule	15		40		Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN0011 ( cfu)	11		18		Microcrystalline cellulose and dextrose hydrate	HbA1c, FBG, INS, TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, IL-6, TNF-α, and BMI	3
Mahboobi et al., 2014 [26]; Iran	Capsule	28		70.4		Lactobacillus casei ( cfu), Lactobacillus acidophilus ( cfu), Lactobacillus rhamnosus ( cfu), Lactobacillus bulgaricus ( cfu), Bifidobacterium breve ( cfu), Bifidobacterium longum ( cfu), and Streptococcus thermophilu ( cfu)	27		76		Starch capsules	TG, TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C	2
Kassaian et al., 2018 [27]; Iran	Mixing powder	27		48		Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Bifidobacterium longum ( for each)	28		43		Maltodextrin	HbA1c, FBG, HOMA-IR, INS, and BMI	6

Outcomes: HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; FBG: fasting blood glucose; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; INS: insulin; TG: triglycerides; TC: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IL-6: interleukin-6; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; BMI: body mass index. Note: both intervention and control groups were under intermittent fasting.