Associations between Components of Metabolic Syndrome and Demographic, Nutritional, and Lifestyle Factors
Table 2
Comparing demographic, nutritional, and lifestyle factors and changes in HDL-c, triglycerides, and blood glucose in patients with metabolic syndrome.
Factors
Low HDL-ca
Hypertriglyceridemiab
Hyperglycemiac
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Sexd
Male
36 (69.2)
16 (30.8)
0.008
36 (69.2)
16 (30.8)
0.151
45 (86.5)
07 (13.5)
0.013
Female
147 (85.5)
25 (14.5)
100 (58.1)
72 (41.9)
119 (69.2)
53 (30.8)
BMI (kg/m2)e
32.0 (28.1–37.0)
31.6 (28.7–39.1)
0.973
31.5 (27.9–32.7)
33.2 (29.4–39.9)
0.015
32.0 (28.2–38.0)
32.0 (29.0–37.0)
0.738
Smokingd
Never smokers
79 (84.0)
15 (16.0)
0.784
55 (58.5)
39 (41.5)
0.747
62 (66.0)
32 (34.0)
0.032
Nonsmokers
35 (83.3)
07 (16.7)
26 (61.9)
16 (38.1)
28 (66.7)
14 (33.3)
Ex-smoker
57 (78.1)
16 (21.9)
44 (60.3)
29 (39.7)
61 (84.6)
12 (16.4)
Smokers
12 (80.0)
03 (20.0)
11 (73.3)
04 (26.7)
13 (86.7)
02 (13.3)
Alcohol consumption/monthd
Don’t consume
99 (85.3)
17 (14.7)
0.018
70 (60.3)
46 (39.7)
0.564
82 (70.7)
34 (29.3)
0.115
1 drink
46 (83.6)
09 (16.4)
30 (54.5)
25 (45.5)
42 (25.6)
13 (21.7)
1–4 drinks
19 (86.4)
03 (13.6)
15 (68.2)
07 (31.8)
13 (59.1)
09 (40.9)
>5 drinks
19 (61.3)
12 (38.7)
21 (67.7)
10 (32.3)
27 (87.1)
04 (12.9)
Physical activityd
Sedentary
19 (82.6)
04 (17.4)
0.465
17 (73.9)
06 (26.1)
0.003
19 (82.6)
04 (17.4)
0.345
Irregularly active A
42 (89.4)
05 (10.6)
34 (72.3)
13 (27.7)
35 (74.5)
12 (25.5)
Irregularly active B
28 (77.8)
08 (22.2)
27 (75.0)
09 (25.0)
29 (80.6)
07 (19.4)
Active/very active
94 (79.7)
24 (20.3)
58 (48.1)
60 (50.9)
81 (68.6)
37 (31.4)
Sleep hourse
7.0 (6.0–8.0)
7.0 (6.0–7.7)
0.43
7.0 (6.0–8.0)
7.0 (6.0–8.0)
0.224
7.0 (6.0–8.0)
7.0 (6.0–8.0)
0.367
aReference values: <40 mg/dL for men and <50 g/dL for women (NCEP, 2002), breference values: ≥150 mg/dL or use of lipid-lowering agents (NCEP, 2002), creference values: ≥100 mg/dL or use of hypoglycemic agents (NCEP, 2002), dData presented as n (%), and edata presented as median (Q1 = quartile 1 or percentile 25; Q3 = quartile 3 or percentile 75). Significant values are given in bold (p < 0.05, Chi-square test, Fisher's exact, and Wilcoxon test).
