Associations between Components of Metabolic Syndrome and Demographic, Nutritional, and Lifestyle Factors
Table 4
Comparing energy and nutrient intake with changes in HDL-c, triglyceride, and blood glucose levels in patients with metabolic syndrome.
Intake/day
Low HDL-ca
Hypertriglyceridemiab
Hyperglycemiac
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Energy (kcal)d
1506.1 (1228.0–1716.1)
1422.8 (1236.0–1777.0)
0.466
1463.6 (1216.9–1770.3)
1427.7 (1233.6–1689.9)
0.823
1456.6 (1249.3–1704.0)
1420.1 (1172.8–1773.7)
0.766
Carbohydrate (g)d
199.2 (185.1–213.8)
194.4 (185.1–216.8)
0.831
197.1 (186.9–214.1)
194.3 (183.6–213.8)
0.687
196.8 (185.6–214.7)
194.5 (184.2–210.5)
0.889
Protein (g)e
62.6 (11.1)
65.6 (10.3)
0.099
62.6 (10.5)
64.0 (11.8)
0.363
63.7 (10.8)
61.6 (11.5)
0.216
Total fat (g)e
42.6 (8.3)
41.7 (8.1)
0.534
42.9 (8.2)
41.7 (8.3)
0.279
41.9 (8.4)
43.7 (7.8)
0.137
Total fiber (g)d
12.3 (10.2–14.3)
12.1 (11.0–14.6)
0.883
12.3 (10.2–14.0)
12.3 (2.6–3.9)
0.949
12.3 (10.5–15.0)
12.0 (9.6–13.5)
0.022
Cholesterol (mg)d
192.3 (153.6–238.8)
190.3 (158.2–237.1)
0.959
192.3 (154.5–242.8)
197.9 (153.0–230.6)
0.949
189.3 (153.7–235.1)
199.9 (154.0–250.0)
0.36
Vitamin A (µg)d
555.9 (368.3–750.6)
564.5 (403.0–894.7)
0.404
550.9 (354.8–757.8)
563.7 (410.9–801.1)
0.374
565.2 (366.1–811.4)
545.7 (422.6–726.0)
0.636
Vitamin C (mg)d
81.5 (55.1–114.5)
88.9 (53.9–101.4)
0.775
81.7 (57.3–113.2)
83.8 (51.7–108.5)
0.626
84.9 (55.1–114.3)
74.5 (53.4–106.3)
0.21
Vitamin E (mg)d
11.6 (8.9–14.5)
10.9 (8.9–14.3)
0.573
11.6 (9.0–14.6)
10.8 (8.6–14.3)
0.211
11.4 (8.9–14.4)
11.5 (8.9–14.5)
0.754
Copper (mg)d
0.8 (0.7–1.0)
0.9 (0.7–0.9)
0.424
0.8 (0.7–0.9)
0.8 (0.7–1.0)
0.946
0.9 (0.8–1.0)
0.8 (0.7–0.9)
0.038
Magnesium (mg)e
168.9 (28.6)
176.6 (26.7)
0.105
169.8 (28.1)
171.0 (28.9)
0.766
172.1 (28.6)
165.3 (27.3)
0.107
Selenium (µg)e
52.3 (15.5)
58.4 (14.4)
0.018
53.8 (14.8)
52.7 (16.5)
0.633
53.1 (15.5)
54.2 (15.4)
0.642
Zinc (mg)d
6.2 (5.4–7.6)
6.2 (5.0–7.4)
0.433
6.2 (5.5–7.5)
6.3 (5.3–7.7)
0.924
6.2 (5.3–7.7)
6.0 (5.4–7.2)
0.486
Potassium (mg)d
1838.9 (1412.6–1940.0)
1649.3 (1581.3–2045.1)
0.037
1690.7 (1435.7–1925.5)
1674.3 (1474.3–1996.6)
0.565
1728.3 (1502.5–1988.0)
1549.3 (1340.1–1895.2)
0.015
Sodium (mg)d
2018.8 (1748.5–2317.8)
2080.3 (1731.5–2343.5)
0.656
2035.2 (1783.4–2349.0)
2008 (1632.5–2301.6)
0.23
1994.9 (1710.0–2309.2)
2117.7 (1797.1–2349.0)
0.384
aReference values: <40 mg/dL for men and <50 mg/dL for women (NCEP, 2002); breference values: ≥150 mg/dL or use of lipid-lowering agents (NCEP, 2002); creference values: ≥100 mg/dL or use of hypoglycemic agents (NCEP, 2002); ddata presented as median (Q1 = quartile 1 or percentile 25; Q3 = quartile 3 or percentile 75); edata presented as mean (standard deviation); significant values are given in bold (p < 0.05, Wilcoxon test and Student’s t test).
