Review Article
Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Improved Delivery of Therapeutics via the Oral Route
Table 1
List of solid/liquid lipids, surfactants, and surface modifiers commonly used in the fabrication of NLCs.
| Solid lipids | Melting point (°C) |
| Stearic acid | 67–69 | Behenic acid | 80 | Palmitic acid | 83 | Lauric acid | 43 | Carnauba wax | 78–88 | Goat wax | 40–50 | Beeswax | 62–64 | Theobroma oil | 35–37 | Tristearin/glyceryl tristearate | 70–74 | Cetyl palmitate | 54 | Glyceryl monostearate | 54–64 | Imwitor 372P, 491, 900k, 928 | 61–77, 34 | Glyceryl palmitostearate | 50–60 | Glyceryl behenate | 65–77 | Trilaurin (Dynasan 112) | 43–46 | Trimyristin (Dynasan 114) | 55–58 | Tristearin (Dynasan 118) | 70–73 | Tripalmitin (Dynasan 116) | 61–65 | Tribehenate (Dynasan 122) | 81–85 | Hydrogenated palm oil (Dynasan P60) | 58–62 | Hydrogenated palm oil (Softisan 154) | 53–58 | Softisan 100, 138, 142, 154, 378, 601, 645, 649 | 33–58 | Witepsol (E, W, S, H) | 31–44 |
| Liquid lipids | Viscosity (mPas at 20–30°C) |
| Miglyol (808, 810N, 812N, 818) | 23–33 | Capric acid | 25–32 | Caprylic acid | 26–32 | Oleic acid | 40 | Fatty acid esters | 6.57 | Propylene glycol fatty acid esters | 6.98 | Mineral oil | 95–100 | Vitamin E | NA | Olive oil | 85 | Castor oil | 390 | Palm oil | 130 | Coconut oil | 85 | Soybean oil | 55 | Jojoba oil | 33.3 | Mustard oil | 117 | Garlic oil | 80 | Clove oil | 9 |
| Emulsifiers/coemulsifiers | HLB value |
| Polysorbate 20, 80 | 15–17 | Solutol HS | 15 | Poloxamer 188 | 29 | Poloxamine 908 | 31 | Cremophor El | 12–17 | Sodium cholate | 18 | Sodium dodecyl sulfate | 40 | Polyvinyl alcohol | 18 | Sodium oleate | 18 | Soy lecithin | 4 | Egg lecithin | 6.6 | Lecithin | 3–5 |
| Surface innovators | Wheat germ agglutinin | Hyaluronic acid | Mannose | β-d-galactosides | Ferritin | Transferrin | Biotin | L-arginine | Oligochitosan | Polyethylene glycol | Folic acid |
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