NETosis Secondary to the Use of Levamisole-Adulterated Cocaine: A Likely Underlying Mechanism of Vasculopathy

Figure 5

IL-8 levels produced by neutrophil cultures exposed to cocaine, levamisole, and cocaine-levamisole mixture. Supernatants collected from cultures described in Figures 3 and 4 were kept a −80°C. Then, they were thawed to quantify the levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Only IL-8 showed changes. (a) Cocaine, levamisole, and the cocaine-levamisole mixture and (b) pooled sera from healthy controls (PHCs) and patients with LAC-associated vasculitis with (PWN) or without (PWON) GN. The average basal concentration of IL-8 in PHC (violet line), PWON (red line), and PWN (blue line) are shown with their corresponding values. Graphs show median values and IQRs. ; Kruskal–Wallis test. n = 1 independent experiments.

(a)

(b)