NETosis Secondary to the Use of Levamisole-Adulterated Cocaine: A Likely Underlying Mechanism of Vasculopathy

Figure 6

ROS generation in neutrophil cultures exposed to cocaine, levamisole, and cocaine-levamisole mixture. Neutrophil-enriched suspensions were incubated with dihydrorhodamine 123 (1 : 1000) for 10 min before adding cocaine (20 µM), levamisole (40 nM), a cocaine-levamisole mixture (20 µM/40 nM), and PMA (20 nM) for 20 and 60 min, washed, and analyzed by flow cytometer. (a-b) Representative histograms and (c) column chart showing MFI of rhodamine 123 in neutrophils under each treatment. Graphs show median values and error bars correspond to IQRs. ; Kruskal–Wallis test. n = 3 independent experiments.