How Do We Treat Children with Anterior Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment Syndrome and Is the Biopsychosocial Model Also Being Applied? A Scoping Review

Table 1

Outcome after injections.

Author and year	Study type	Number of patients	Age	Objective	Injection technique	Medication injected	Number of injections	Effect	Follow-up (months)
Aknikh 2014	Case report	3	15 (10–16)		Not described	Local anesthetic + steroid	1	3 (100%) pain-free	>8 (>5–12)
Clara 2022	Retrospective case series	20 (5 receiving injections)	12.9 (11.2–14.1)	To describe the clinical and evolutionary characteristics of patients diagnosed with ACNES and to draw attention to this pathology	Not described	Local anesthetic + steroid	0–2	5/5 (100%) pain-free after injections; 8 = 40% pain-free without intervention (7 after medication + 1 spontaneous)	No follow-up
Di Giusto 2018	Case report	1	18		TAP block + trigger point injection	Local anesthetic + clonidine	2 in 1 session	Pain returned much reduced	>12
Ivens 2008	Case report	1	11		Infiltration at nerve exit point abdominal wall	Local anesthetic + steroid			No follow-up
Kifer 2018	Retrospective case series	38	15 (9–17)	To present a treatment modality of ACNES with combined local subfascial anesthetic and corticosteroid injection in a prospectively collected cohort of paediatric patients	US guided rectus sheath trigger point injection	Local anesthetic + steroid	1–7	Total 32 (84%) pain-free	20 (12–32)
								24 (63%) sustained pain-free after 1 injection
								6 (16%) sustained pain-free after 2 injections
								2 (5%) sustained pain-free after 3 or > 3 injections
Lepere 2014	Case report	1	14		TAP block	Local anesthetic + steroid	1	1 pain-free	>12
Minamikawa 2021	Case report	1	15		Rectus sheath block (20 ml)	Local anesthetic	6 (2–4 weeks interval)	1 pain-free	5
Nizamuddin 2014	Case report	3	15 (14–16)		TAP block (with US)	Local anesthetic + steroid	2 (1–3)	2 (66%) pain-free	4–20
								1 lost to follow-up
Peleg 1999	Case report	1	15		Subcutaneous injection	Local anesthetic + steroid	1	1 pain-free	>24
Siawash 2016	Cross-sectional cohort	12	15 (SD 2)	To investigate the rate of ACNES in a paediatric outpatient cohort with chronic abdominal pain	Trigger point injection	Local anesthetic + steroid	1 (1–4)	5 (42%) pain-free	>4
Siawash 2017 (ped ane)	Prospective case series	85	15 (8–17)	To study outcomes and adverse events of anterior rectus sheath blocks in childhood anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome	Anterior rectus sheet block	Local anesthetic ± steroid	1–3	32 (38%) pain-free	17 (4–39)
Simpson 2011	Case report	1	13		Bilateral TAP block	Local anesthetic ± steroid	2	1 pain-free	1
Skinner 2007	Case report	7	13 (11–16)		Rectus sheath block	Local anesthetic ± steroid	1–3	5 (71%) pain-free or reduced pain	14 (2–24)
								2 lost to follow-up
Van Hoek 2022	Prospective case series	145	14.7 (SD 2.3)	Predictive value questionnaire for treatment success	Trigger point injection	Local anesthetic	1–6	36 (25%) pain-free	?
Verma 2018	Case report	1	14		Trigger point injection	Local anesthetic ± steroid	6	Recurrent pain	?
Zganjer 2013	Retrospective case series	12	15 (11–17)	The surgery for abdominal wall pain caused by cutaneous nerve entrapment in children during the past 5 years	Injections	Local anesthetic ± steroid	1–3	7 (58%) pain-free	?