Condition Monitoring and Quantitative Evaluation of Railway Bridge Substructures Using Vehicle-Induced Vibration Responses by Sparse Measurement

Table 1

Equivalent spring stiffness at pier bottom.

Type	Translational springs (N/m)			Torsional springs (N/(m·rad))
	Value	9.707 × 10^8	9.328 × 10^8	8.317 × 10^9	8.316 × 10^10	4.657 × 10^10	1.455 × 10^10