|
| Inducing condition | Year | Researcher | Culturing duration after induction | Detection marker |
|
| 5-Aza | 1995 |
Wakitani et al. [25] | 24 h | 7–10 days observing myotube-like structures and expressing cardiac-specific protein |
|
| | 1999 | Makino et al. [26] | 24 h | 1 week: myotube-like structures,
2 weeks: spontaneous beating, and
3 weeks: synchronous contraction,
expressing cardiac-specific protein and exhibiting biological and electrophysiological characteristics of myocardial cells |
|
| BMP-2 | 2005 |
He Qizhi and Haijie [27] | 24 h | The expression of Nkx2.5, GATA-4, cTnT, and CX43 increasing |
|
| Ang-II | 2012 | Xing et al. [28] | 24 h | Expressing cTnI after 4 weeks, exhibiting morphological characteristics of myocardial cells, and being seen as muscle wire-like structures under the electron microscope |
|
| DMSO | 1999 | Skerjanc [29] | >6 d | Spontaneously beating cardiac myocytes after 6 days |
|
| Panax notoginseng saponins | 2006 | Yang et al. [30] | 24 h | 2 weeks: beginning to express MHC and more apparent after 4 weeks |
|
| Sal B | 2007 | Chen et al. [31] | 24 h | Expression of NKX2.5 GATA-4 mRNA enhanced and peaked at 7 days; the expression of α-actin appeared at 14 days |
|
| Icariin | 2008 |
Shao-Ying [32] | 24 h | 28 days, weakly expressing GATA-4, Nkx2-5, combining with 5-Aza enhance its induction |
|
| Astragaloside | 2007 | Xian et al. [33] | 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h | 4 weeks detecting cardiac-specific protein desmin, cTnI, α-MHC, and β-MHC, no significant difference in induction rate with different length |
|
| Microenvironment in vivo | 2002 | Toma et al. [34] | | hMSCs could differentiate into myocardium and express myocardium specific protein in left ventricular microenvironment of SCID mice—cTnT and phosphoprotein regulating Ca-ATP activity at sarcoplasmic reticulum. |
|
| CLM |
2005 | Yuan et al. [35] | 7 d | 7 days, the cells growing well, expressing α-actin and cTnT |
|
| Coculturing with cardiomyocytes | 2003 | Rangappa et al. [36] | 48 h | hMSCs coculturing with cardiomyocytes at a 1 : 1 ratio, expressing contractile proteins and cardiac specific genes, MHC, and beta-actin |
|
