Muse Cells: Nontumorigenic Pluripotent Stem Cells Present in Adult Tissues—A Paradigm Shift in Tissue Regeneration and Evolution

Figure 2

Properties of Muse-AT cells. Nontumorigenicity of Muse-AT cells. Embryonic stem (ES) cells injected into immunodeficient mice (SCID mice) testes, formed teratomas within 8 to 12 weeks (a). Histological analysis showed that the teratoma contained muscle tissue, intestine-like structure, and keratinized skin (b). Muse-AT cells transplanted into testes did not form teratomas even 6 months after injection, similar to untreated testes (d). Testis injected with Muse-AT cells maintained normal structure (e). Yin-Yang balance between Let7 and Lin28: ES and IPS expressed much higher levels of Lin28 versus Let7 (c). Muse-AT cells and neoblasts expressed much higher levels of Let7 versus Lin28 (f). Differences in expression of pluripotent stem cell genes between Muse cells, ES, iPS, and non-Muse cells determined by qRT-PCR (g). MicroRNA Let-7 is an upstream regulator of CDA3, CDC16, DZIP1, SSR1, RFC3, RFC5, MCM6, NUF2, BRCA1, BUB1B, and CDK6 (h). Normal karyotype of human Muse-AT cells is indicated by 23 intact pair of chromosomes with a pair XX chromosome indicating female origin of the cells (i). (a)-(b) From Figure : [6]. (g) From Table [7]. indicates pluripotent stem cell markers.

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