Regulation and Directing Stem Cell Fate by Tissue Engineering Functional Microenvironments: Scaffold Physical and Chemical Cues
Figure 1
(a, d) Different 3D-printed bone tissue engineering scaffolds. Fused deposition modeling of polymer bone tissue models. (b, e) Direct extrusion 3D printing of calcium phosphate bioceramics. (c, f) Selected laser melting 3D printing of titanium femoral head nail prosthesis [12, 18, 29, 35].
