Determinants of Modern Agricultural Technology Adoption for Teff Production: The Case of Minjar Shenkora Woreda, North Shewa Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Table 2

Measurement, description of variables, and expected sign.

Name of variable and symbol	Description of variable	Measurement of variables	Expected sign						Sources
Dependent variable	—	—	I	H	R	IH	IR	IRH
Adoption	Categorical variable	0 = nonadopter; 1 = improved teff variety; 2 = herbicide; 3 = row planting; 4 = improved seed + herbicide; 5 = improved seed + row planting; 6 = improved seed + herbicide + row planting
Independent variable
Gender (sex)	Dummy variable	0 = female 1 = male	+	+	+	+	+	+	[28]
Age (age)	Continuous variable	Measured in year	+	+	+	+	+	+	[41–44]
Marital status (mstr)	Dummy variable	0 = Single 1 = married	+	+	+	+	+	+	[28]
Education (educ)	Dummy variable	0 = illiterate 1 = literate	+	+	+	+	+	+	[18, 45, 46]
Cultivated land size	Continuous variable	Measured in hectors	+	+	−	+	+	+	[28, 46, 47]
Off-farm participation	Dummy variable	0 = No 1 = Yes	+	+	+	+	+	+	[6, 20, 48, 49]
Livestock unit (tlu)	Continuous variable	Total livestock owned (in TLU)	+	+	+	+	+	+	[14, 15, 50]
Market distance (distancefrommkt)	Continuous variable	Measured in kilometers	−	−	−	−	−	−	[25, 27]
Credit access (credit)	Dummy variable	Access to credit service (1 if yes)	+	+	+	+	+	+	[20, 46, 50, 51]
Extension visit (extensionvisit)	Continuous variable	Measured in the number of contact by extension agents per year.	+	+	+	+	+	+	[46, 52]
Land tenure security (lantenur)	Categorical variable	0 = not certified 1 = certified	+	+	+	+	+	+	[46, 50, 53]
Active household member (activehhd)	Continuous variable	Measured in number	+	−	+	+	+	+	[54]

Note: I = improved seed, H = herbicide, R = row planting, IH = improved seed + herbicide, IR = improved seed row planting, IRH = improved seed + row planting + herbicide.