The Determinants of Beef Cattle Market Participation on Beef Cattle Producers’ Welfare: A Case Study of West Shewa Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

Table 10

Robustness to hidden bias differs among the outcome variables.

Outcome variables	Gamma (hidden bias magnitude)	Significant level		Hodges–Lehmann point estimation		Confidence interval
		The upper bound	The lower bound	The upper bound	The lower bound	The upper bound	The lower bound
Per capita consumption expenditure (Birr, “0000”)	1	2.8e-15	2.8e-15	902.698	902.698	707.293	1,093.13
	2	0.000011	0	514.837	1,279.24	312.152	1,481.46
	3	0.007773	0	305.433	1,487.96	67.3558	1,713.45
	3.01	0.011387	0	278.825	1,503.73	46.5587	1,734.6
	3.12	0.017180	0	279.344	1,522.31	26.3397	1,755.54
	3.3	0.022348	0	253.181	5.5909	5.5909	1,774.61
	3.4	0.030089	0	237.798	− 10.8594	− 10.8594	1,792.03
	4	0.117203	0	152.366	− 109.049	− 109.049	1,887.92
	5	0.400121	0	32.4502	− 227.191	− 227.191	2,010.93
	5.1	0.432392	0	19.4553	− 237.443	− 237.443	2,021.96
	5.2	0.464475	0	9.72024	− 249.618	− 249.618	2,032.68
	5.3	496,172	0	1.68402	− 256.868	1779.74	2,043.54
	5.4	0.5273	0	−9.33009	− 264.469	1788.98	2,051.62

Note: Gamma (Г)–log odds of differential assignment because of unobserved factor. Source: Survey data output, 2023.