Review Article

A Systematic Review of Real-Time Medical Simulations with Soft-Tissue Deformation: Computational Approaches, Interaction Devices, System Architectures, and Clinical Validations

Table 4

Summary of the statistical results of the quality assessment procedure.

Quality assessment criteria% of “yes” scores (%)

Computational approaches’ bias
 1. Was the method adequately used/developed and described for the involved tissue behavior?82
 2. Was the verification well performed for the used/developed method?76
 3. Was the validation systematically performed for the used/developed method?89
 4. Did the method really satisfy the real-time constraints?65
Interaction devices’ bias
 5. Was the devices well selected for the system?49
 6. Was the device accuracy adequate for the real-time constraint?47
 7. Was the device easy enough to use for a clinical routine practice?47
 8. Is the device price suitable for a clinical setting?47
System architectures’ bias
 9. Was the system adequately described?65
 10. Was the system developed with the participation of the end users?15
 11. Was the system scalable?53
 12. Were the system frameworks adequately selected for implementing the system of interest?45
Clinical applications bias
 13. Was the study adequately validated with in vitro data?33
 14. Was the study adequately validated with in vivo data?13
 15. Was the study adequately validated with patient data?18
 16. Was the level of validation suitable for translating the outcomes into clinical routine practices?29
 17. Was the user acceptability performed for patients?4
 18. Was the user acceptability performed for clinical experts?7