Reference Approach Modelling methods Soft-tissue types Tissue Behaviors Computation time/speed Geometry discretization Hardware configurations Nedel and Thalmann [38 ] MD Mass-spring system method (MSM) The muscle Linear elasticity 16 FPS (model deformation) 82 mass points SGI Impact workstation, MIPS R10000 CPU Monserrat et al. [4 ] MD Boundary element method (BEM) The general cube mesh Linear elasticity 15 Hz (model deformation) <150 N R-4400 CPU, 64 MB RAM Goto and Lee [39 ] MD Statistical analysis method (SAM)-muscle The human face NI 1 minute (facial feature detection) NI Pentium II, 333 MHz CPU Bonamico et al. [40 ] MD Mesh geometry VRML-like representation (VRML) & radial basis function (RBF)-muscle The human face Linear elasticity 475 ms (facial deformation) 1,253 V-2,444 F Pentium II 450 MHz CPU, 128 MB RAM Brown et al. [2 ] MD Mass-spring system method (MSM) The blood vessel Nonlinear viscoelasticity 24 FPS (system iteration) 216 N-1,440 E Sun Ultra 60 Workstation 450 MHz CPU, 1 GB RAM Sorkine et al. [41 ] MD Laplacian surface deformation (LSD) The face model Linear elasticity 0.07 s (model solving) 2.0 GHz Pentium IV CPU Chandrasiri et al. [42 ] MD Personal facial expression space method (PEES)-muscle The human face Linear elasticity 12 FPS (facial animation) NI 1 GHz Athlon CPU Mollemans et al. [43 ] MD Mass tensor method (MTM) The cube Linear elasticity From 24.57 s to 2.3 s From 53,3380 N to 10,368 N CPU Chen et al. [44 ] MD Mass-spring system method (MSM) combined with quasistatic algorithm The human brain Linear elasticity 48 Hz–3,000 Hz (haptic feedback) 8,000 N SGI Prism Server 4 GPU, 8 CPU, 32 GB RAM López-Cano et al. [45 ] MI Mass-spring system method (MSM) The human inguinal region Linear elasticity 73 FPS (system iteration) 4,891 V GPU NVIDIA 6,800, Pentium IV 3.0 GHz CPU, 1 GB RAM Lim and De [46 ] MD Point collocation-based finite spheres (PCMFS) The human liver Nonlinear elasticity 1 ms (model deformation) 1,186 polygons Pentium IV 2 GHz CPU, NVIDIA Quadro4 XGL Murai et al. [5 ] MD Inverse dynamic computation (IDC) The human muscles Linear elasticity 16 ms (muscle tension estimation) 274 muscles Intel Xeon 3.33 GHz CPU, 3.25 GB RAM, NVIDIA Quadro FX3700 GPU Basafa and Farahmand [47 ] MD Mass-spring-damper method (MSD) The cube model Nonlinear viscoelasticity 5 ms (model deformation) 96 N-270 E 3.2 GHz Core Duo CPU, 1 GB RAM Wang et al. [48 ] MD Laplacian surface deformation (LSD) The human nose Linear elasticity NI NI Windows 2000 or Windows XP, 512 MB RAM or 250 MB Ho et al. [6 ] MD Mass-spring system method (MSM) The human eardrum Linear elasticity 1 kHz (haptic feedback) 917 E Intel Core2 Q6600 CPU, NVIDIA GeForce 9,600 Wan et al. [49 ] MD Radial basic function (RBF) & geodesic distance-muscle The human face Linear elasticity 0.0316 s (one system frame computing) 5,272 V-10,330 F Intel Core 2 Duo E7200 2.53 GHz CPU, 2 GB RAM Le et al. [50 ] MD Thin-shell deformation method (TSD)-muscle The human face Linear elasticity 73.8 FPM (facial animation) 40 markers Intel Xeon 2.4 GHz 16-Core CPU, NVIDIA Tesla C1060 240-Core GPU Zhang et al. [51 ] MD Elastic-plus-muscle-distribution-based (E+MD) The facial muscles Linear elasticity NI NI NI Weng et al. [52 ] MD Facial motion regression algorithm (FMR)-muscle The human face NI >200 FPS (graphic rendering on PC) 75 facial markers Core i7 3.5 CPU Goulette and Chen [53 ] MD Hyperelastic mass link method for FEM (HEML-FEM) The cube model Viscohyperelasticity 4.02 ms (one model computation iteration) 4,430 E–1,128 N Core 2 Duo 2.40 GHz CPU, 3.45 GB RAM Zhang et al. [54 ] MD The time-saving volume-energy conserved ChainMail method (TSVE-Chainmail) The cube model Nonlinear elasticity 30 Hz (model rendering) NI Core i7-4700 3.4 GHz CPU Woodward et al. [55 ] MD Radial basis function mapping approach (RBF)-muscle The human face Linear elasticity 2 minutes (system initializing) NI NI Zhou et al. [56 ] MD Marquardt radial basis meshless method (MRM) The general cube model Nonlinear elasticity 0.1509 s (model deformation) 121 nodes Core i7-4790 3.60 GHz CPU, 8 GB RAM, Intel HD Graphics 4600 (64 MB)
