Joint Angle, Range of Motion, Force, and Moment Assessment: Responses of the Lower Limb to Ankle Plantarflexion and Dorsiflexion
Table 1
X, Y and Z ROM joint angle output at the ankle, knee and hip joints for both left and right limbs during the dynamic phases of the trial (°).
Limb sidedness
Joints
Joint co-ordinates
Female DF (mean ± SD) (°)
Female PF (mean ± SD) (°)
Male DF (mean ± SD) (°)
Male PF (mean ± SD) (°)
All participants DF (mean ± SD) (°)
All participants PF (mean ± SD) (°)
Left limb
Ankle
X
20.610 ±5.409
-57.420 ±3.505
20.067 ±6.204
-46.238 ±5.932
20.310 ± 5.735
-51.320 ± 5.072
Y
0.320 ±1.606
-2.790 ±7.245
-0.995 ±0.571
-1.853 ±2.0493
-0.400 ± 1.210
-2.280 ± 5.111
Z
1.360 ± 2.575
10.710 ± 6.653
8.751 ± 9.631
16.647 ± 20.459
5.390 ± 7.293
13.950 ± 15.810
Knee
X
2.420 ±2.615
6.090 ± 2.854
9.276 ±2.658
4.543 ±1.806
6.160 ± 2.689
5.250 ± 2.343
Y
0.520 ± 2.008
-0.770 ±0.561
-2.069 ± 8.278
0.822 ±1.806
-0.890 ± 6.309
0.100 ± 0.535
Z
6.890 ±1.262
3.280 ± 6.957
13.957 ±4.875
1.686 ± 16.203
10.740 ± 3.627
2.410 ± 12.617
Hip
X
23.880 ±4.229
-3.130 ±5.010
30.176 ±13.597
-0.253 ±2.436
27.310 ± 10.337
-1.560 ± 3.785
Y
0.230 ± 0.482
-1.610 ± 1.646
1.326 ± 10.300
-3.445 ± 3.065
0.830 ± 7.480
-2.610 ± 2.529
Z
-11.690 ± 7.276
0.970 ± 2.598
-22.223 ± 4.928
-0.163 ± 1.572
-17.430 ± 5.958
0.350 ± 2.049
Right limb
Ankle
X
23.030 ±7.604
-57.470 ±2.888
21.989 ±6.782
-42.586 ±2.652
22.460 ± 7.025
-49.350 ± 2.699
Y
1.400 ±6.511
-1.680 ±0.356
-0.346 ±0.332
0.317 ±0.406
0.450 ± 4.409
-0.590 ± 0.382
Z
-1.030 ± 3.423
33.120 ± 4.511
8.763 ± 41.224
8.739 ± 11.123
4.310 ± 30.497
19.820 ± 73.176
Knee
X
1.200 ±2.408
4.940 ± 1.759
2.958 ±3.111
4.839 ± 4.223
2.160 ± 2.796
4.880 ± 3.323
Y
-0.090 ± 1.098
-0.770 ±1.6304
-0.038 ± 0.887
0.696 ±1.645
-0.060 ± 0.967
0.030 ± 1.617
Z
3.810 ±3.016
-6.310 ± 26.992
4.378 ±14.776
2.361 ± 8.818
4.120 ± 11.232
-1.580 ± 19.329
Hip
X
22.850 ±4.558
-3.200 ±1.541
26.775 ±7.242
-0.356 ±7.242
24.990 ± 6.099
-1.650 ± 3.562
Y
-0.280 ± 4.798
-2.980 ± 2.486
-1.571 ± 2.102
-3.706 ± 1.230
-0.980 ± 3.702
-3.380 ± 1.876
Z
-5.370 ± 1.165
-2.310 ± 1.120
-6.937 ± 3.490
-1.571 ± 7.817
-6.230 ± 2.638
-1.910 ± 5.799
DF – Dorsiflexion; PF – Plantarflexion; Negative outputs (-) suggest the reloading phase ROM is larger than the loading phase ROM; Positive outputs (+) suggest that the loading phase ROM is larger than the reloading phase ROM.
