Joint Angle, Range of Motion, Force, and Moment Assessment: Responses of the Lower Limb to Ankle Plantarflexion and Dorsiflexion
Table 2
X, Y and Z joint range of force output at the ankle, hip and knee joints for both left and right limbs during the dynamic phases of the trial (N).
Limb sidedness
Joints
Joint co-ordinates
Female DF (mean ± SD) (N)
Female PF (mean ± SD) (N)
Male DF (mean ± SD) (N)
Male PF (mean ± SD) (N)
All participants DF (mean ± SD) (N)
All participants PF (mean ± SD) (N)
Left limb
Ankle
X
-0.032 ± 0.291
-0.469 ± 0.210
0.270 ± 1.126
-0.591 ± 0.130
0.133 ± 0.859
-0.535 ± 0.172
Y
0.106 ± 0.154
-0.407 ± 0.086
0.444 ± 0.125
-1.049 ± 0.397
0.290 ± 0.136
-0.758 ± 0.297
Z
-0.924 ± 0.516
1.653 ± 0.116
-1.017 ± 0.238
1.697 ± 0.236
-0.974 ± 0.393
1.677 ± 0.190
Hip
X
-0.094 ± 0.298
0.048 ± 0.078
-0.353 ± 0.158
-0.010 ± 0.306
-0.235 ± 0.227
0.016 ± 0.235
Y
-0.074 ± 0.155
0.058 ± 0.053
0.041 ± 0.088
-0.089 ± 0.124
-0.011 ± 0.120
-0.023 ± 0.100
Z
-0.040 ± 0.187
-0.286 ± 1.268
-0.657 ± 1.889
-0.071 ± 0.204
-0.377 ± 1.374
-0.169 ± 0.874
Knee
X
-0.290 ± 0.251
0.214 ± 0.499
-0.265 ± 0.128
0.238 ± 0.483
-0.276 ± 0.191
0.227 ± 0.481
Y
-0.014 ± 0.259
0.078 ± 0.058
-0.148 ± 0.156
-0.002 ± 0.064
-0.087 ± 0.205
0.034 ± 0.060
Z
-0.240 ± 0.186
-0.009 ± 0.186
-0.487 ± 1.615
-0.017 ± 0.232
-0.375 ± 1.476
-0.014 ± 0.208
Right limb
Ankle
X
-0.111 ± 0.280
-0.792 ± 0.144
-0.407 ± 1.461
-0.935 ± 0.274
-0.273 ± 1.103
-0.870 ± 0.226
Y
-0.224 ± 0.369
0.529 ± 0.128
-0.476 ± 0.508
1.500 ± 3.174
-0.361 ± 0.441
1.058 ± 2.358
Z
-1.028 ± 0.753
1.526 ± 0.173
-1.223 ± 0.162
1.638 ± 0.202
-1.135 ± 0.534
1.587 ± 0.189
Hip
X
-0.153 ± 0.321
0.038 ± 0.080
-0.388 ± 0.289
-0.103 ± 0.407
-0.281 ± 0.300
-0.039 ± 0.301
Y
0.076 ± 0.090
0.011 ± 0.142
0.683 ± 2.803
0.165 ± 0.151
0.407 ± 2.076
0.095 ± 0.147
Z
0.367 ± 1.855
0.062 ± 0.220
0.328 ± 1.215
-1.705 ± 10.494
0.346 ± 1.506
-0.902 ± 7.719
Knee
X
-0.295 ± 0.271
0.277 ± 0.199
-0.398 ± 0.076
0.269 ± 0.118
-0.351 ± 0.191
0.273 ± 0.156
Y
0.164 ± 0.296
-0.098 ± 0.085
0.326 ± 0.130
0.059 ± 0.049
0.252 ± 0.216
-0.013 ± 0.67
Z
0.536 ± 2.096
0.143 ± 0.247
0.351 ± 1.493
0.272 ± 0.227
0.435 ± 1.789
0.213 ± 0.233
DF – Dorsiflexion; PF – Plantarflexion; Negative outputs (-) suggest the reloading phase ROM is larger than the loading phase ROM; Positive outputs (+) suggest that the loading phase ROM is larger than the reloading phase ROM.
