Joint Angle, Range of Motion, Force, and Moment Assessment: Responses of the Lower Limb to Ankle Plantarflexion and Dorsiflexion

Table 3

Range of Motion (Joint Angle), Range of Forces and Moments Output – Resultant measurements at the ankle, hip and knee joints for both left and right limbs during the dynamic phases of the trial (°).

Limb sidedness	Joints	Resultant measurement	Female DF (mean ± SD)	Female PF (mean ± SD)	Male DF (mean ± SD)	Male PF (mean ± SD)
Left limb	Ankle	Joint angle (°)	20.657 ± 6.202	58.477 ± 10.442	21.915 ± 11.470	49.178 ± 21.400
		Joint force (N)	0.931 ± 0.612	1.766 ± 0.255	1.142 ± 1.158	2.081 ± 0.480
		Joint moment (Nmm)	320.248 ± 158.134	203.37 ± 127.766	485.938 ± 881.768	302.093 ± 108.393
	Knee	Joint angle (°)	7.321 ± 3.530	6.960 ± 7.541	16.886 ± 9.968	4.915 ± 16.403
		Joint force (N)	0.126 ± 0.384	0.296 ± 1.272	0.747 ± 1.898	0.114 ± 0.388
		Joint moment (Nmm)	142.932 ± 70.291	57.415 ± 88.639	188.285 ± 127.090	105.423 ± 83.966
	Hip	Joint angle (°)	24.031 ± 8.430	3.871 ± 5.879	37.499 ± 17.755	3.458 ± 3.919
		Joint force (N)	0.290 ±0.406	0.228 ± 0.536	0.574 ± 1.628	0.239 ± 0.540
		Joint moment (Nmm)	45.143 ± 149.963	25.122 ± 53.475	130.911 ± 86.212	138.982 ± 69.468
Right limb	Ankle	Joint angle (°)	23.095 ± 10.580	66.352 ± 5.368	23.676 ± 41.779	43.475 ± 11.442
		Joint force (N)	0.336 ± 0.884	1.799 ± 0.259	1.374 ± 1.555	2.410 ± 3.192
		Joint moment (Nmm)	291.668 ± 136.709	184.173 ± 169.349	424.310 ± 158.204	274.117 ± 59.366
	Knee	Joint angle (°)	3.996 ± 4.013	8.051 ± 27.098	5.284 ± 15.126	5.429 ± 9.914
		Joint force (N)	0.405 ± 1.885	0.074 ± 0.274	0.851 ± 3.069	1.716 ± 10.503
		Joint moment (Nmm)	106.293 ± 113.329	54.974 ± 52.011	136.236 ± 144.455	99.029 ± 282.296
	Hip	Joint angle (°)	23.474 ± 6.720	4.945 ± 3.132	27.704 ± 8.309	4.041 ± 10.727
		Joint force (N)	0.633 ± 2.134	0.327 ± 0.328	0.656 ± 1.501	0.387 ± 0.260
		Joint moment (Nmm)	159.135 ± 1076.132	46.801 ± 24.778	107.119 ± 114.153	162.610 ± 113.992

DF – Dorsiflexion; PF – Plantarflexion.