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| Author | Year | Country | Sample size | Age | Diagnosis | Program of intervention | Training sessions | Tai Chi style | Reported outcome | Adverse event reported |
|
| He et al. | 2013 | China | 20/20 | Tai Chi: 58.56 ± 4.23
Control: 59.38 ± 4.78 | 3 m chronic lower back pain | Tai Chi vs. unaltered lifestyle | 60 min/session
36 sessions | Chen | Disability | Not reported |
| Zhao et al. | 2013 | China | 15/15 | Tai Chi: 58.92 ± 3.65
Control: 57.35 ± 2.97 | Chronic lower back pain | Tai Chi vs. unaltered | 60 min/session. 3 sessions per week
36 sessions | Chen | Disability | Not reported |
| Muharram et al. | 2011 | China | 82/82 | Tai Chi: 43.6 ± 6.5
Control: 43.3 ± 7.2 | 3.04 ± 1.56 y
Chronic lower back pain | Tai Chi_health education vs. health education | 60 min/session, 72 sessions | Chen | Pain (visual analogue scale, disability) | Not reported |
| Song et al. | 2008 | China | 37/31 | Tai Chi: 42.69 ± 15.38
Control: 40.72 ± 13.10 | 13 ± 9 m
Lumbar disc herniation | Tai Chi + physiotherapy vs. physiotherapy | 60 min/session, 144 sessions | Not reported | Pain (visual analogue scale, disability) | Not reported |
| Hall et al. | 2011 | Australia | 80/80 | Tai Chi: 43.4 ± 13.5
Control: 44.3 ± 13.0 | 3 m
Nonspecific lower back pain | Tai Chi + unaltered lifestyle | 40 min/session, 10 weeks, 18 sessions | Not reported | Pain (numerical rating scale), disability | Reported |
| Tong et al. | 2016 | China | 32/32 | Tai Chi: 32.6 ± 6.46
Control: 32.66 ± 6.53 | 3 m
Nonspecific lower back pain | Tai Chi + unaltered lifestyle | 7 sessions/week, 28 sessions | Not reported | Pain (visual analogue scale, disability) | Not reported |
| Lin et al. | 2015 | China | 30/30 | 41.00 ± 9.22 | Not reported, chronic lower back pain | Tai Chi + massage, massage | 6 sessions per week, 12 sessions | Not reported | Pain (visual analogue scale) | Not reported |
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