Effects of Error Modulation-Based Visual and Haptic Feedback Fusion Strategies on Motor Learning and Motivation

Figure 8

RMS values of sEMG for subjects during 20 consecutive movements in the Training process. (a) RMS values of four muscles’ sEMG for a typical subject (subject no. 5) from the NEM group. (b) RMS values of one muscle’s sEMG for three typical subjects (subject nos. 5, 14, 22) from NEM, VAHR, and VRHA groups. BB, biceps brachii; AD, anterior deltoid; FCR, flexor carpi radialis; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; NEM, visual and haptic feedback without error modulation; VAHR, visual error amplification combined with haptic error reduction; VRHA, visual error reduction combined with haptic error amplification.

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