The Numerical Simulation of Hard Rocks for Tunnelling Purposes at Great Depths: A Comparison between the Hybrid FDEM Method and Continuous Techniques

<div>Major principal stress <svg height="9.32509pt" id="M108" style="vertical-align:-3.1815pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -6.14359 11.8314 9.32509" width="11.8314pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M548 455L523 469C505 448 490 439 461 439C416 439 374 447 316 447C144 447 23 310 23 161C23 47 89 -12 179 -12C312 -12 429 106 429 244C429 303 419 344 368 386L371 388C404 383 440 378 474 378C507 378 530 411 548 455ZM350 274C350 191 308 25 198 25C144 25 108 75 108 157C108 264 170 395 276 395C296 395 320 384 333 360C347 334 350 316 350 274Z" id="g113-240"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,6.76,3.132)"><path d="M389 0V32C297 38 291 46 291 118V635C234 613 175 595 109 583V556L161 554C203 552 207 547 207 497V118C207 46 201 38 110 32V0H389Z" id="g50-50"></path></g></svg> contours of the intact FDEM model. (a) Elastic response of the model at 60% of the induced stresses (tunnel advancing), and (b) final model state after the completion of the excavation. Cohesive elements failing in tension (Mode I fractures) are coloured red, and cohesive elements failing in shear (Mode II fractures) are coloured yellow.</div>

Advances in Civil Engineering

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Figure 9

Figure 9: The Numerical Simulation of Hard Rocks for Tunnelling Purposes at Great Depths: A Comparison between the Hybrid FDEM Method and Continuous Techniques 

Figure 9 | The Numerical Simulation of Hard Rocks for Tunnelling Purposes at Great Depths: A Comparison between the Hybrid FDEM Method and Continuous Techniques 