Deformation Forecasting of Surrounding Rock Mass Based on Correlation between Frequency and Fracture Scale of Microseismicity

Figure 3

Rock mass failure photos taken in the underground caverns: (a) spalling of surrounding rock mass at downstream sidewall, (b) spalling of surrounding rock mass at upstream sidewall, (c) splitting and peeling off of surrounding rock mass in downstream sidewall, and (d) spalling of surrounding rock mass in the drainage tunnel.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)