Assessment of the Dynamic Behavior of Beam-to-Column Connections in Steel Pallet Racks under Cyclic Load: Numerical Investigation

Figure 11

The stiffness deterioration of BCC under the cyclic loading protocol. (a) Positive unloading stiffness. (b) Negative loading stiffness. (c) Negative unloading stiffness. (d) Positive loading stiffness.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)