Assessment of the Dynamic Behavior of Beam-to-Column Connections in Steel Pallet Racks under Cyclic Load: Numerical Investigation

Figure 12

The comparison of stiffness deterioration. (a) Positive unloading stiffness. (b) Negative loading stiffness. (c) Negative unloading stiffness. (d) Positive loading stiffness.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)