Research Article
Estimating the Effects of Tunnelling on Preexisting Jointed Pipelines
Table 3
Summary of the soil properties.
| | Soil properties | Loose sand | Medium sand | Dense sand |
| | Friction angle, φ (°) | 30.0 | 35.0 | 40 | | Bulk unit weight, γ (kN/m3) | 16.0 | 17.5 | 19.0 |
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