Upper-Bound Finite Element Adaptive Analysis of Plane Strain Heading in Soil with a Soft Upper Layer and Hard Lower Layer

Figure 2

Dimensionless critical surcharge loading for uniform soil. (a) ϕ = 0°. (b) ϕ = 5°. (c) ϕ = 15°. (d) ϕ = 25°.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)