Numerical Simulation of Bedrock Sagging Sinkholes in Strain-Softening Rock Induced by Embankment Construction

Table 1

Basic material properties.

Materials	E (MPa)		ρ (kg·m^−3)	φ (°)	c (kPa)	UCS (MPa)	σti (MPa)
Embankment filling	50	0.35	2100	24	10	–	–
Silty clay	30	0.35	1900	20	50	–	–
Intact rock	60000	0.25	2700	44	23000	120	11
Rock mass	44000	0.25	2700	40	13000	88	3.5