Estimating the Uplift Bearing Capacity of Belled Piers Adjacent to Sloping Ground by Numerical Modeling Based on Field Tests

Table 4

Failure criteria for determining the uplift bearing capacity of test foundations.

Method	Failure load definition	Reference	Ultimate uplift load T (kN)
			BP1	BP2	BP3	BP4	BP5
Mathematical modeling method	For the mathematical fitting curve of the target curve, the tangent line is taken at final linear region and the tangent point is the value point	van der Veen [28]	230	450	1150	1700	2400
		Chin [27]
Slope tangent method	Load corresponding to the tangent point of the initial linear stage	O’Rourke and Kulhawy [29]	120	300	550	1000	1400
Tangent intersection method	Load corresponding to the tangent intersection of initial and final linear stages	Housel [30]	200	430	1110	1480	2140
		Tomlinson [34]
L1–L2 method	Load corresponding to the tangent point of the final linear stage	Hirany and Kulhawy [31–33]	230	450	1250	1600	2400