|
| Code | Risks | Codes/risk factors | References |
|
| R1 | Wars and civil unrest among local population | F1 local political/social instability | |
| F2 local government change | KarimiAzari et al. [25] |
| F3 cultural and religious conflicts | Zayed et al. [26] |
| F4 exchange rate changes |
| F5 poor availability of local foreign exchange |
|
| R2 | Increasing costs of fuel, material, equipment, and labour | F6 local currency changes | |
| F7 local market price changes/inflation | Xiaopeng and pheng [27] |
| F8 lack of funding | |
| F9 supply deficiencies (transport/delivery of materials, equipment, and labour) | Liu et al. [28] |
| F10 increase in bank interest rate | Zhao et al. [29] |
|
| R3 | Exchange rate change | F11 local and national tax increase (payment, evasion, implementation) | Creedy et al. [30] |
| F12 new local government regulations (taxation, labour, safety, waste, environment, etc.) | Santoso and soeng [31]
Yildiz et al. [32] |
|
| R4 | Project fund shortage | F13 no fund management system | |
| F14 incorrect cash management/foreign exchange management | |
| F15 excess monetary investment in early project stages | |
|
| R5 | The local public objected to the project | F64 communication conflicts between project employees and residents (language barriers, use of translators, translation accuracy, etc.) | Zayed et al. [26]; yildiz et al. [32] |
| F65 malicious attacks on individuals by project employees | Dikmen and Birgonul [33] |
| F66 construction has considerable impact on residents’ lives | Liu et al. [28] |
|
| R6 | Changes in laws and regulations | F61 contracts with local governments are mandatory | Han et al. [34] |
| F62 local government departments/services are inefficient, slow to respond, and bureaucratic | Hakami [35]
Tran and molenaar [36] |
| F63 strict/different local business practices (business culture, systems, geography, personality, assimilation requirements, etc.) | Mathew et al. [37] |
|
| R7 | Environmental damage caused by construction | F80 construction pollution | |
| F81 emission of hazardous chemicals and gases from construction | Han et al. [34] |
| F82 improper disposal of construction waste | Xiaopeng and pheng [27] |
| F83 hazardous construction sites and materials | |
| F35 no substitute supplier/subcontractor in case of failure or failure to deliver | |
| F36 aboriginal land rights and owners | |
| F37 restrictions of local laws and regulations (including customs/export/import restrictions, etc.) | |
| F38 poor land conditions (mining activities, public facilities, historic sites, pollutants, etc.) | |
| F39 transport difficulties (poor local traffic conditions, traffic restrictions by relevant departments) | |
| F40 local government interference | Han et al. [34] |
|
| R8 | Regional disparity and climate impacts | F41 imperfect supervision/control system (quality, cost, time) | Xiaopeng and pheng [27] |
| F46 employees refused to sign up F47 employee diseases (plague | |
| F48 project labour absence/potential occupational liability/laziness | Liu et al. [28] |
| F49 insufficient work experience of project employees in using materials/technologies/equipment (problems with the use of special materials and new materials) | |
| F50 lack of safety knowledge, skills, and training for employees | |
| F51 poor accessibility of local materials/technologies/equipment (raw materials and semi-finished products are unavailable) | |
| F52 improper material/technology/equipment procurement plan | |
| F19 poor quality of goods and services from suppliers/subcontractors | |
| F41 imperfect supervision/control system (quality, cost, time) | Liu et al. [28] |
|
| R9 | Quality defects in construction materials | F42 poor attitudes of field staff toward quality, cost, environment, safety, trust, and opportunity | El-sayegh and mansour [38] |
| F43 lack of sampling inspection/product contamination leading to quality defects | Zhao et al. [29] |
| F44 low quality, competence, reliability, and productivity of project employees | Lee et al. [39] |
| F45 insufficient identification of safety, quality, etc. | |
| F30 insufficient technical resources, skills and knowledge of suppliers/subcontractors | |
| F53 errors in installation of construction equipment | |
|
| R10 | Damage to labour, materials, equipment, and building | F54 equipment reliability/safety/low productivity | Hakami [35] |
| F55 local natural disasters (heatwave, wind, rain, cold, damp, fire, tsunami, volcano, earthquake, flood, storm, tornado, landslide, lightning, etc.) | Liu et al. [28]
Santoso and soeng [31] |
| F57 insufficient safety material and equipment | Yildiz et al. [32] |
| F58 low accessibility/high maintenance cost for key components and accessories | |
| F60 construction equipment type mismatch | |
| F36 aboriginal land rights and owners | |
| F67 local government approval/intervention | |
| F68 government expropriation, government nationalization restrictions on business operations | |
| F69 the scale of the project does not conform to the scale required | |
| F70 innovation and development needs (standardization level, technology/details/materials, etc.) | Liu et al. [28] |
|
| R11 | The design changes of the project | F71 unclear expectations/requirements of owner/user/operator | El-sayegh and mansour [38] |
| |
| |
| F72 owners’ overdependence on consultants/construction interventions | |
| F74 design error | |
| F75 imperfect databases, outdated information, late information, inaccurate information, unusable information, incomprehensible information | |
| F76 design code conflicts with local code | |
| F77 engineers’ corruption/unreasonable decisions | |
| F78 engineer’s uncertainty about changes in the scope of work, specifications, costs, duration, etc. | |
| F39 transport difficulties (poor local traffic conditions, traffic restrictions of relevant departments) | |
| F42 poor attitudes of field staff toward quality, cost, environment, safety, trust, and opportunity | |
| F43 lack of sampling inspection/product contamination leading to quality defects | |
| F45 insufficient identification of safety, quality, etc. | |
| F50 lack of safety knowledge, skills, and training for employees | Hakami [35] |
| F53 error in installation of construction equipment | Liu et al. [28] |
|
| R12 | Accident occurrence | F54 equipment reliability/safety/low productivity | Santoso and soeng [31] |
| F55 local natural disasters (heatwave, wind, rain, cold, damp, fire, tsunami, volcano, earthquake, flood, storm, tornado, landslide, lightning, etc.) | Yildiz et al. [32] |
| F56 insufficient safety education tips on project construction site | |
| F57 insufficient safety of material and equipment used | |
| F58 low accessibility/high maintenance cost for key components and accessories | |
| F59 crisis preparedness—inadequate contingency planning | |
| F60 construction equipment type mismatch | |
| R9 quality defects in construction materials | |
| F16 lack of communication among project participants | |
| F17 unfair provisions in overseas contracts | |
| F18 conflict in industrial relations | |
| F19 poor quality of goods and services from suppliers/subcontractors | |
| F20 supplier/subcontractor increased costs and delayed costs for goods and services | |
| F21 supplier/subcontractor goods without warranty service | |
| F22 owner’s cash flow/arrears | |
| F23 errors or omissions in quantities invoiced, inconsistent information in practice, inaccurate budgets, etc. | Hanna et al. [40] |
|
| R13 | Contract disputes/termination of contract | F24 project partner’s credit insufficiency | Creedy et al. [30] |
| F25 owner’s requirement for technology/rights is too stringent | Liu et al. [28] |
| F26 issues with contract terms (date of completion is not clear, etc.) | Yildiz et al. [32] |
| F27 lack of guarantee or insufficient guarantee | Mathew et al. [37] |
| F28 wrong expression of contract definition | |
| F29 claim management is unclear | |
| F30 insufficient technical resources, skills and knowledge of suppliers/subcontractors | |
| F31 potential litigation issues; complexity of contracts and documents | |
| F33 owner’s attitude towards scope, norm, cost, duration, etc. is not clear | |
| F34 owners’ requirements for environmental protection, safety, quality, and time are too demanding | |
| F35 no substitute supplier/subcontractor in case of failure or failure to deliver | |
| F19 poor quality of goods and services from suppliers/subcontractors | |
| F20 supplier/subcontractor increased costs and delayed costs for goods and services | |
| F21 supplier/subcontractor goods without warranty service | |
| F24 project partner’s credit insufficiency | Santoso and Soeng [31]
Liu et al. [28] |
|
| R14 | Subcontractor breach | F26 issues with of contract terms (date of completion is not clear, etc.) | |
| F28 wrong expression of contract definition |
| F30 insufficient technical resources, skills and knowledge of suppliers/subcontractors |
| F51 poor accessibility of local materials/technologies/equipment (raw materials and semi-finished products are unavailable) |
| F22 owner’s cash flow/arrears |
| F24 project partner’s credit insufficiency |
| F26 issues with contract terms (date of completion is not clear, etc.) |
|
| R15 | Client defaults on project | F28 wrong expression of contract definition | Xiaopeng and pheng [27]
Yildiz et al. [32] |
| F31 potential litigation issues; complexity of contracts and documents | |
| F33 owner’s attitude towards scope, norm, cost, duration, etc. is not clear | |
| F34 owners’ requirements for environmental protection, safety, quality, and time are too demanding | |
|
| R16 | Disease and health problems | F47 employee diseases (plague) | Yildiz et al. [32] |
| F84 unhygienic project site or staff dormitory, congenital diseases | Thweatt and long [41] |
|
